Provide two different examples of how research uses hypothesis testing, and describe the criteria for rejecting the null hypothesis
Provide two different examples of how research uses hypothesis testing, and describe the criteria for rejecting the null hypothesis. Topic 3 DQ 1 Provide two different examples of how research uses hypothesis testing, and describe the criteria for rejecting the null hypothesis. Discuss why this is important in your practice and with patient interactions. Topic 3 DQ 2 Evaluate and provide examples of how hypothesis testing and confidence intervals are used together in health care research. Provide a workplace example that illustrates your ideas. Expert Answer and Explanation Topic 3 DQ 1: Hypothesis Testing The aspect of hypothesis testing refers to the process of creating inferences or otherwise referred to as educated guesses concerning a specific research parameter. Hypothesis testing can be conducted either through the use of uncontrolled observational study or statistics and sample data (Mellenbergh, 2019). Prior to testing a hypothesis, it is essential to come up with the degree of statistical significance in the hypothesis since a researcher cannot be 100 percent on the educated guess. An example of the use of hypothesis testing is in determining the prevalence of common cold in children who take vitamin C. The null hypothesis would state that the prevalence of flu in children who take vitamin C is similar to those who don’t take vitamin C. the alternative hypothesis would be that children with the uptake of vitamin C have a reduced prevalence of flu in flu seasons. Another example would be research to identify if therapy is more effective than a placebo. In order to reject the null hypothesis, a redetermined number of subjects among the hypothesis test have to prove the alternative hypothesis. The proof will then overturn the original null hypothesis, which will then be rejected. Hypothesis testing is an important aspect of statistics and research as it provides a basis for understanding whether something actually occurred or if certain groups or sets of data are different from each other (Dubois, 2017). Hypothesis testing also helps in identifying if an aspect of the research has more positive effects or if a variable can predict another to form a basis for defining a conclusion. With the help of the calculated probability (p-value), one can easily determine the inclination of the research based on either the null hypothesis of the alternative hypothesis. References Dubois, S. (2017). The Importance of Hypothesis Testing. (2020). Retrieved 18 May 2020, from https://sciencing.com/the-importance-of-hypothesis-testing-12750921.html Mellenbergh, G. J. (2019). Null Hypothesis Testing. In Counteracting Methodological Errors in Behavioral Research (pp. 179-218). Springer, Cham. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-12272-0 Topic 3 DQ 2: Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals Hypothesis tests and confidence intervals are related in the sense that they both are inferential methods that are based on an approximated sampling distribution. The hypothesis tests make use of data from a given sample to test the predetermined hypothesis (Sacha & Panagiotakos, 2016). On the other hand, confidence intervals make use of data from the sample to provide an estimate of the population parameter. In this manner, it is evident that the simulation methods that are used in the construction of the bootstrap distribution, as well as the randomization distributions, are identical. Confidence intervals are made up of a range of reasonable estimations concerning population parameters. For instance, a two-tailed confidence interval is applied in a two-tailed hypothesis testing. In health care research, a confidence level of 95 percent is mostly used. The level indicates the significance of health research with regards to being precise and accurate with health care data (Hazra, 2017). For instance, while conducting research on the effect of therapy or medication on patients with mental health conditions. The calculation of the p-value will allow the researcher to achieve the results of the null hypothesis. With a low p-value, a researcher is able to comprehend that there is stronger support for the alternative hypothesis. In the workplace setting, research can be conducted on the impacts of evidence-based practice on patient outcomes. Hypothesis testing will facilitate the identification of educated guesses, while the confidence interval will provide a basis for the statistical confidence level that will be used in the research (Sacha & Panagiotakos, 2016). The research will then be used to provide a recommendation for the viability of the EBP. References Hazra A. (2017). Using the confidence interval confidently. Journal of thoracic disease, 9(10), 4125–4130. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2017.09.14 Sacha, V., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2016). Insights in Hypothesis Testing and Making Decisions in Biomedical Research. The open cardiovascular medicine journal, 10, 196–200. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874192401610010196 Alternative Expert Answer and Explanation Topic 3 DQ 1 How Research Uses Hypothesis Testing And Criteria For Rejecting the Null Hypothesis Hypothesis testing is a statistical method commonly used in research to give interpretations about populations based on the sampled data. It is crucial to researchers as it determines whether there is sufficient evidence to either reject or support a hypothesis (Stunt et al., 2021). In hypothesis testing, two hypotheses are the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis (Bahrampour et al., 2022). The criteria for rejecting the null hypothesis have been explained in the examples of how research can use hypothesis testing. A good example of hypothesis testing is when a pharmaceutical company is testing a new drug with the argument that it is more effective in treating a given medical condition as compared to an existing drug. The hypotheses for the study can be: Null hypothesis: The new drug is as effective as the existing drug. Alternative Hypothesis: The new drug is more effective as compared to the existing drug. Another example of hypothesis testing is psychological research where hypothesis testing can be integral in determining the effects of a particular intervention. A hypothesis can state: Null hypothesis: This therapy does not show a difference in anxiety levels before and after therapy. Alternative hypothesis: The therapy contributed to a reduction in anxiety levels after therapy. To reject the null hypothesis the pharmaceutical company can set a significant level of 0.05 which is mostly used. After conducting the study and after data analysis, if the probability value associated with the test is less or equal to 0.05 then the null
In a 4 to 5 page project proposal written to the leadership of your healthcare organization, propose a nursing informatics project for your organization that you advocate to improve – Fast, Quality and Affordable Assignment Expert
In a 4 to 5 page project proposal written to the leadership of your healthcare organization, propose a nursing informatics project In the Discussion for this module, you considered the interaction of nurse informaticists with other specialists to ensure successful care. How is that success determined? Patient outcomes and the fulfillment of care goals is one of the major ways that healthcare success is measured. Measuring patient outcomes results in the generation of data that can be used to improve results. Nursing informatics can have a significant part in this process and can help to improve outcomes by improving processes, identifying at-risk patients, and enhancing efficiency. To Prepare: Review the concepts of technology application as presented in the Resources. Reflect on how emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence may help fortify nursing informatics as a specialty by leading to increased impact on patient outcomes or patient care efficiencies. The Assignment: (4-5 pages) In a 4 to 5 page project proposal written to the leadership of your healthcare organization, propose a nursing informatics project for your organization that you advocate to improve patient outcomes or patient-care efficiency. Your project proposal should include the following: Describe the project you propose. Identify the stakeholders impacted by this project. Explain the patient outcome(s) or patient-care efficiencies this project is aimed at improving and explain how this improvement would occur. Be specific and provide examples. Identify the technologies required to implement this project and explain why. Identify the project team (by roles) and explain how you would incorporate the nurse informaticist in the project team. Expert Answer and Explanation Nursing Informatics Project The Impact of Nursing Informatics on Patient Outcomes and Patient Care Efficiencies Among the ways that informatics has helped to transform care is improved documentation systems, where care providers can easily access important patient and staff information that leads to coordinated care. The introduction of nurse informatics also helps to improve the processes in care and hence to generate improved care outcomes (Robert, 2019). Also, with informatics, healthcare givers can identify at-risk patients in a timely fashion and give them more priority to care. Description of Proposed Project: The Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Nurse Informatics Artificial intelligence, commonly known as AI, is the simulation of intelligence of humans to machines to make these machines adopt human functions. Over the years, there have been improvement of the AI functions as technologies continue improving. Today AI applications include but are not limited to speech recognition, machine vision, natural language processing, and expert systems. Healthcare implements AI by using complex software and algorithms to interpret and comprehend complex medical data (Clancy, 2020). The fact that AI uses technologies that can gain information and process it to refined outputs means that it can have limitless applications in healthcare. In this project, the implementation of AI in the field of nurse informatics is closely examined. Stakeholders Impacted by the Project There are several stakeholders who are impacted by the project, with the patients being on the first line. Most of the actions in the project involve patient care, as the objective of the project is to improve the patient care outcomes. The second most impacted stakeholders are the healthcare givers and specifically the nurses, who also play a crucial role in coordinating patient care with other healthcare givers. Nurses are the individuals who are in contact with the patients for the longest periods hence it becomes easy to monitor them. Patient families are also influential stakeholders in this project as much of the actions will require their consent as well as their opinion output on the options available. Regulators will also take a primary position in the project, especially because machine learning and other elements of artificial intelligence can also have drastic patient outcomes if reckless researchers or healthcare providers are allowed to take the center-stage in implementing non-proven measures. Lastly, the healthcare financiers will be part of the stakeholders since AI is an expensive field that requires strategic financing. Patient Outcomes or Patient Care Efficiencies that the Project is aimed at Improving The first patient outcome that the project is aimed at improving is the diagnostic procedures of care. Through application of AI in nursing informatics, nurses can efficiently perform nursing diagnoses to improve the detection of the presence of absence of disease and determine the best care operations for specific patents. Among the diseases that can be efficiently diagnosed using AI is cardiovascular disease and diabetes, which are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. AI is also expected to help in the integration of telehealth in the care of patients. Telemedicine or telehealth helps in monitoring of patient information using strategic and remote techniques, and using automated means. It allows patients with chronic conditions to have long contact with the healthcare providers regardless of the physical barriers (Erikson & Salzmann-Erikson, 2016). Using AI in telehealth improves the efficiency of administration of drugs, as patients can consult physicians at their convenience of their homes. Also, these programs allow the education and advice of patients, remote admissions, as well as constant monitoring. The project is also aimed at showing the relevant drug interactions that could help the patients achieve synergy of the drugs and improve the effects. Also, in the same way, AI technology can help to identify lethal interactions that could lead to risking of the patients’ lives. Specifically, the project helps patients to identify the most suitable options when it comes to drug administration. It is easy to find that most chronic disease patients experience polypharmacy, and they are confused whether taking an additional drug would lead to improved outcomes. With AI, healthcare givers do not have to take multiple lab tests to determine the suitability of an additional medication for the patient. The project is aimed at boosting the interaction of the patients as well as the healthcare givers with electronic health records. The digitization of information in facilities has often been cited to have some drawbacks such as having burnout among
Post a brief description of general healthcare technology trends, particularly related to data/information you have observed in use in your healthcare
Post a brief description of general healthcare technology trends, particularly related to data/information you have observed in use in your healthcare Throughout history, technological advancements have appeared for one purpose before finding applications elsewhere that lead to spikes in its usage and development. The internet, for example, was originally developed to share research before becoming a staple of work and entertainment. But technology—new and repurposed—will undoubtedly continue to be a driver of healthcare information. Informaticists often stay tuned to trends to monitor what the next new technology will be or how the next new idea for applying existing technology can benefit outcomes. In this Discussion, you will reflect on your healthcare organization’s use of technology and offer a technology trend you observe in your environment. To Prepare: Reflect on the Resources related to digital information tools and technologies. Consider your healthcare organization’s use of healthcare technologies to manage and distribute information. Reflect on current and potential future trends, such as use of social media and mobile applications/telehealth, Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled asset tracking, or expert systems/artificial intelligence, and how they may impact nursing practice and healthcare delivery. By Day 3 of Week 6 Post a brief description of general healthcare technology trends, particularly related to data/information you have observed in use in your healthcare organization or nursing practice. Describe any potential challenges or risks that may be inherent in the technologies associated with these trends you described. Then, describe at least one potential benefit and one potential risk associated with data safety, legislation, and patient care for the technologies you described. Next, explain which healthcare technology trends you believe are most promising for impacting healthcare technology in nursing practice and explain why. Describe whether this promise will contribute to improvements in patient care outcomes, efficiencies, or data management. Be specific and provide examples. Expert Answer and Explanation Trends in Informatics Technology The healthcare technology is revolutionizing the delivery of health services by providing providers with the necessary tools that support the delivery of care. With the emerging trends in use of informatics technology, patients are benefitting from access to optimal care. General Healthcare Technology Trends The evolution of the healthcare technology is seen in various trends including the use of the mobile health apps, and telhealth technology to optimize care access and delivery. The technologies powered by the Internet of Things (IoTs) like wearable devices are easing and enhancing the delivery of preventive care by providing real-time data that inform clinical intervention decisions. Providers are equally leveraging the Electronic Health Records (EHRs) to capture and access patients’ data, and share this data with other members of the interprofessional team (Zhang & Saltman, 2022). Out of the trends I have observed, telhealth and EHRs are the predominant technologies in my healthcare organization. As a tool, the EHR system allows providers to store and retrieve patients’ data, and share it with colleagues. Conversely, the telhealth system, which may involve the use of virtual communication platform, facilitates provider-patient interaction, allowing patients to remotely access health services. The Concerns or Challenges tied to the Technologies Associated with the Trends While the use of the identified technological trends translates to the improvement in decision-making outcomes in clinical settings, they present serious concerns. The adoption and usability of the EHRs and telhealth is particularly a challenge in organizations because some users resist their use based on factors like lack of usage skills, and challenging interfaces. If users experience difficulty when attempting to use the technologies, they may resist its adoption and use in the healthcare setting. Some organizations grapple with cumbersome legislative compliance requirements which require that they adhere to the existing policies related to access control. For instance, the HIPAA policy requires organizations to adopt stringent security measures to safeguard patients’ health data (Wiley et al., 2022). Even with the implementation of the data safety policies, the risk of data breach is still high considering that hackers can take advantage of security vulnerabilities to hack into the organization’s IT infrastructure. Benefit and Risk Associated with Data Safety, Legislation and Patient Care Data safety and legislation in the context of patient care translate to the improvement in patient care outcomes. The use of the telehealth and EHRs in particular, improves coordination of care through real-time access to data, optimizing the clinical intervention outcomes. Telhealth supports the implementation of the post-discharge interventions, allowing providers to monitor patients, and to educate patients during their healing journey. A data breach incident in which data is altered can jeopardize the patient’s safety by causing poor health outcomes (Lim & Adler-Milstein, 2022). The Most Promising Healthcare Technology Trends The use of the telhealth is the most promising trend in terms of the utilization of the healthcare technologies to optimize health outcomes (Apathy et al., 2024). This trend will be instrumental in helping providers to reach an extended number of individuals in underserved communities. It will particularly reduce the burden associated with travelling to the healthcare facility. The Possibility of the Promise Contributing to Improvement in Patient Care Outcomes With the adoption of the telhealth, providers will be able to identify potential health issues and avert these issues before they turn into major complications. As providers turn to providing health services virtually, they will have more time to care for patents, resulting to better utilization of resources. Telhealth combined with EHR system will automate data collection, ensuring that providers have access to records of each patient. Conclusion In conclusion, the EHRs and telhealth are some of the technologies that providers are utilizing to provide patients with high-end care. Despite the privacy and safety concerns, these technologies are contributing to enhancing decision-making. References Apathy, N. C., Zabala, G., Gomes, K., Spaar, P., Krevat, S. A., & Ratwani, R. M. (2024). Telemedicine and In-Person Visit Modality Mix and Electronic Health Record Use in Primary Care. JAMA network open, 7(4), e248060. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.8060. Lim, J., & Adler-Milstein, J. (2022). 531 Telehealth, associated changes in EHR use patterns, and implications for physician burnout in the ambulatory care setting. Journal
Focused SOAP Note for Schizophrenia Spectrum, Other Psychotic, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders
Focused SOAP Note for Schizophrenia Spectrum, Other Psychotic, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders Focused SOAP Note for Schizophrenia Spectrum, Other Psychotic, and Medication-Induced Movement Disorders Psychotic disorders change one’s sense of reality and cause abnormal thinking and perception. Patients presenting with psychotic disorders may suffer from delusions or hallucinations or may display negative symptoms such as lack of emotion or withdraw from social situations or relationships. Symptoms of medication-induced movement disorders can be mild or lethal and can include, for example, tremors, dystonic reactions, or serotonin syndrome. For this Assignment, you will complete a focused SOAP note for a patient in a case study who has either a schizophrenia spectrum, other psychotic, or medication-induced movement disorder. To Prepare Review this week’s Learning Resources. Consider the insights they provide about assessing, diagnosing, and treating schizophrenia spectrum, other psychotic, and medication-induced movement disorders. Review the Focused SOAP Note template, which you will use to complete this Assignment. There is also a Focused SOAP Note Exemplar provided as a guide for Assignment expectations. Review the video, Case Study: Sherman Tremaine. You will use this case as the basis of this Assignment. In this video, a Walden faculty member is assessing a mock patient. The patient will be represented onscreen as an avatar. Consider what history would be necessary to collect from this patient. Consider what interview questions you would need to ask this patient. The Assignment Develop a focused SOAP note, including your differential diagnosis and critical-thinking process to formulate a primary diagnosis. Incorporate the following into your responses in the template: Subjective: What details did the patient provide regarding their chief complaint and symptomology to derive your differential diagnosis? What is the duration and severity of their symptoms? How are their symptoms impacting their functioning in life? Objective: What observations did you make during the psychiatric assessment? Assessment: Discuss the patient’s mental status examination results. What were your differential diagnoses? Provide a minimum of three possible diagnoses with supporting evidence, and list them in order from highest priority to lowest priority. Compare the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what DSM-5-TR criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case. Plan: What is your plan for psychotherapy? What is your plan for treatment and management, including alternative therapies? Include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters, as well as a rationale for this treatment and management plan. Also incorporate one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy. Reflection notes: What would you do differently with this patient if you could conduct the session again? Discuss what your next intervention would be if you were able to follow up with this patient. Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (demonstrate critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!), health promotion, and disease prevention, taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.). Provide at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines that relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differential diagnoses. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old). By Day 7 of Week 5 Submit your Focused SOAP Note. Submission and Grading Information To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following: Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK5Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name. Click the Week 5 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment. Click the Week 5 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area. Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK5Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open. If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database. Click on the Submit button to complete your submission. Expert Answer and Explanation Schizophrenia soap note Subjective: CC (chief complaint): “I do not bother anyone and people outside my window do not leave alone.” HPI: Sherman Tremaine is a 53-years-old African American male who was asked to come for mental health assessment by his sister. The patient complains that he does not bother anybody but people outside his window to not leave him alone. he says that the people outside his window watch him. He says that he can hear these people and see their shadow. He also says that these people were sent to watch him by the government. He also complains of sleeping problems and people follow him everywhere. Substance Current Use: He smokes cigarette (12 packets of cigarettes weekly) and a bit of marijuana. Medical History: Current Medications: Used Haldol, Thorazine, and Seroquel. Takes metformin currently for diabetes. Allergies: No allergies. Reproductive Hx: No problems with reproductive system. ROS: GENERAL: No fever, weakness, fatigue, chills, or weight loss/gain. HEENT: Eyes: No visual problem. Ears, Nose, Throat: No hearing pain, loss, sneezing, runny nose, congestion, or sore throat. SKIN: No itching or rash. CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pain, edema, no chest pressure palpitations, or chest discomfort. RESPIRATORY: No cough or shortness of breath. GASTROINTESTINAL: No abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting. GENITOURINARY: No urination problems. NEUROLOGICAL: No headaches or any other neurological problems. MUSCULOSKELETAL: No joint pain or muscle pain. HEMATOLOGIC: No anemia. LYMPHATICS: No enlarged nodes ENDOCRINOLOGIC: No sweating, heat, or cold problems. Objective: Vital signs: T 35.7, Ht. 5’9, Wt. 159lbs, HR 80, RR 20, BP 130/95 Chest/Lungs: Regular heart rhythm and rate. No murmurs. Heart/Peripheral Vascular: No wheezes. Lungs clear. Diagnostic results: CT-Scan-pending. The test will be used to rule out any physical symptoms that might cause hallucinations and delusions. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): Baandrup et al. (2022) noted that PANSS is a valid, scalable, and reliable tool for screening for people with schizophrenia. The authors found that the tool is 98% effective. The patient scored 19.9 on positive scale and 22.3 on negative scale meaning
Develop a Focused SOAP Note, including your differential diagnosis and critical-thinking process to formulate a primary diagnosis. Incorporate the following into your responses in the template
Develop a Focused SOAP Note, including your differential diagnosis and critical-thinking process to formulate a primary diagnosis. FOCUSED SOAP NOTE FOR ANXIETY, PTSD, AND OCD In this Assignment, you use a case study to develop a focused SOAP note based on evidence-based approaches. TO PREPARE Review this week’s Learning Resources. Consider the insights they provide about assessing and diagnosing anxiety, obsessive compulsive, and trauma-related disorders. Review the Focused SOAP Note template, which you will use to complete this Assignment. There is also a Focused SOAP Note Exemplar provided as a guide for Assignment expectations. Review the video Case Study Dev Cordoba. You will use this case as the basis of this Assignment. In this video, a Walden faculty member is assessing a mock patient. The patient will be represented onscreen as an avatar. Consider what history would be necessary to collect from this patient. Consider what interview questions you would need to ask this patient. THE ASSIGNMENT Develop a Focused SOAP Note, including your differential diagnosis and critical-thinking process to formulate a primary diagnosis. Incorporate the following into your responses in the template: Subjective: What details did the patient provide regarding their chief complaint and symptomology to derive your differential diagnosis? What is the duration and severity of their symptoms? How are their symptoms impacting their functioning in life? Objective: What observations did you make during the psychiatric assessment? Assessment: Discuss the patient’s mental status examination results. What were your differential diagnoses? Provide a minimum of three possible diagnoses with supporting evidence, listed in order from highest priority to lowest priority. Compare the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what DSM-5-TR criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case. Plan: What is your plan for psychotherapy? What is your plan for treatment and management, including alternative therapies? Include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters, as well as a rationale for this treatment and management plan. Also incorporate one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy. Reflection notes: What would you do differently with this patient if you could conduct the session again? Discuss what your next intervention would be if you could follow up with this patient.?Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (demonstrate critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!), health promotion, and disease prevention, taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.). Provide at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines that relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differential diagnoses. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old). Expert Answer and Explanation Focused SOAP Note for Anxiety, PTSD, and OCD Subjective: CC (chief complaint): “I feel worried all the time.” HPI: Dev C., a 7-year-old male of Hispanic descent, is brought in by his mother for evaluation due to persistent anxiety, nightmares, and behavioral issues. He has never seen a mental health professional before. His current medications include DDVAP for bedwetting, which has not been effective. Dev has been experiencing significant worry about his family’s well-being, nightmares about being lost, and daytime anxiety affecting his school performance. He has a history of throwing objects when upset but has no history of self-harm. His mother reports he often expresses fears about her dying or not picking him up from school and claims she loves his baby brother more than him. Substance Current Use: No current or past use of caffeine, nicotine, illicit substances, or alcohol. Medical History: Current Medications: DDVAP (dosage and frequency not specified in the transcript, used for bedwetting). Allergies: None reported. Reproductive Hx: Not applicable. ROS: GENERAL: Frequent headaches and stomachaches, recent weight loss of 3 pounds over three weeks. HEENT: No specific complaints reported. SKIN: No specific complaints reported. CARDIOVASCULAR: No specific complaints reported. RESPIRATORY: No specific complaints reported. GASTROINTESTINAL: Complaints of frequent stomachaches. GENITOURINARY: Bedwetting at night. NEUROLOGICAL: No specific complaints reported. MUSCULOSKELETAL: No specific complaints reported. HEMATOLOGIC: No specific complaints reported. LYMPHATICS: No specific complaints reported. ENDOCRINOLOGIC: No specific complaints reported. Objective: Diagnostic results: No labs, X-rays, or other diagnostics were performed or indicated in the transcript. Assessment: Mental Status Examination: Dev appears his stated age, dressed appropriately, and is cooperative throughout the interview. His mood is anxious, and his affect is congruent with his mood. Speech is normal in rate and volume. His thought processes are logical and goal-directed. He expresses worries about his mother’s safety and fears abandonment, indicative of separation anxiety. No hallucinations or delusions are reported. His cognition appears intact for his age, understanding the current date and location (Bitsko, 2022). Insight and judgment are limited but appropriate for his age. No suicidal or homicidal ideations are present. Diagnostic Impression: Primary Diagnosis: Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) (F93.0) Rationale: Dev’s persistent and excessive worry about losing his mother and his difficulty being away from her align with SAD. Secondary Diagnosis: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (F43.1) Rationale: The traumatic loss of his father, persistent nightmares, and hypervigilance (worrying about his mother’s safety) suggest PTSD. Other Considerations: Enuresis (bedwetting) (F98.0), as reported by his mother. Reflections: I agree with the preceptor’s assessment, as the patient’s symptoms and history strongly support the diagnoses of Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Boland et al., 2022). Dev exhibits clear signs of SAD, such as excessive worry about his mother’s safety and significant distress when separated from her. The history of his father’s death and the subsequent behavioral and emotional changes point to PTSD, evidenced by his recurrent nightmares, persistent anxiety, and hypervigilance. This case identifies the critical need for addressing traumatic experiences early in a child’s life to mitigate long-term psychological impacts. Providing appropriate support and interventions for young patients experiencing significant anxiety and loss is essential (Thapar et al., 2015). It ensures their emotional and psychological well-being and helps prevent the potential escalation of symptoms into more severe mental health issues as they grow. Interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT),
After reviewing Cultural Humility Is a Nursing Clinical Competency” and the
After reviewing Cultural Humility Is a Nursing Clinical Competency” and the “Health Literacy Universal Precautions Topic 2 DQ 1 After reviewing Cultural Humility Is a Nursing Clinical Competency” and the “Health Literacy Universal Precautions Toolkit, 2nd Edition,” located in the topic Resources, choose an ethnic minority group and explore health disparities for the chosen group. Describe how to integrate the components of health literacy and cultural considerations into a health promotion teaching plan for one health disparity identified in the research and how health literacy supports overall health promotion. Required resource https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/index.html Read “Cultural Humility Is a Nursing Clinical Competency,” by Becze, from ONS Voice (2021). Expert Answer and Explanation Cultural Humility and Health Promotion Currently, Hispanic/Latino people experience poor health outcomes as compared to other people. This is attributed to many factors, including limited access to healthcare services. Notably, most Hispanic people do not have insurance coverage, and this usually makes healthcare very expensive for them. Additionally, some of them experience language barriers as they do not understand English, the primary language spoken in the country. It is also notable that they have higher rates of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and other conditions (Dragomanovich & Shubrook, 2021). Another issue is the low health literacy levels. Most of them are concerned with working and do not focus on health knowledge or how to interact with the healthcare system. Overall, this reduces their health outcomes, making it crucial to enhance their health integration literacy. How To Integrate the Concept of Health Literacy When considering Latino/Hispanic people, healthcare providers should use plain language when integrating the concept of health literacy. Using complex medical terms makes it hard for laypeople to understand the idea and miss out on the essential aspects (Babalola et al., 2021). Additionally, it is crucial to provide information in Spanish and English as Hispanic/Latino people mainly speak the language. In the health literacy program, other aspects apart from speaking should be used. This can include visual aids or videos showing a health issue and how the population can protect themselves. Cultural Considerations When educating Hispanic/ Latino communities, it is crucial to be respectful of their traditional beliefs and practices. Most of them have deep religious beliefs, and going against them can be considered to be insensitive and inconsiderate, and therefore, they might be dismissive of the lessons (Ly et al., 2023). It is also crucial to involve family members in the process, as family is an essential unit in the Hispanic culture. Moreover, when suggesting activities they should carry out to enhance their health, it is crucial to understand their culture’s position on such activities. Teaching Plan For Diabetes Prevention One of the health issues experienced by Hispanic/Latino people is a high prevalence of diabetes. The learning objectives include understanding the risk factors for diabetes. This will make them understand the factors that can lead to obesity and try to avoid them (Goff et al., 2020). Another learning objective is to identify healthy eating habits that will reduce the risk of having diabetes. Additionally, it is essential to teach them about the importance of physical activity to general health and in lowering diabetes prevalence in general. The teaching method will include a combination of activities, presentations, and discussions that will engage participants. Through the interactive lesson, it will be possible to ensure that the participants understand all shared information (Dragomanovich & Shubrook, 2021). Additionally, there will be peer support groups, which will provide a chance for individuals to discuss with each other and even share their experience with the disease and how to avoid it for others. All material shared must be culturally sensitive. They will be asked to restate the primary information to evaluate the learners. Additionally, the health educator will gather their feedback on the lesson and clarify any information that is still vague. Health Literacy Supports Overall Wealth Promotion Through health literacy, individuals can make informed decisions concerning their health. This way, following the health belief model, they can take control of their health and even make better decisions concerning their well-being. Additionally, they can navigate the healthcare system and get all the resources needed for their well-being. It is also notable that through health literacy, individuals can self-manage chronic disease, reducing costs and improving their well-being. References Babalola, O. M., Garcia, T. J., Sefcik, E. F., & Peck, J. L. (2021). Improving Diabetes Education in Mexican American Older Adults. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 32(6), 104365962199466. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659621994664 Dragomanovich, H. M., & Shubrook, J. H. (2021). Improving Cultural Humility and Competency in Diabetes Care for Primary Care Providers. Clinical Diabetes, 39(2), cd200063. https://doi.org/10.2337/cd20-0063 Goff, L. M., Moore, A., Harding, S., & Rivas, C. (2020). Providing culturally sensitive diabetes self-management education and support for black African and Caribbean communities: a qualitative exploration of the challenges experienced by healthcare practitioners in inner London. BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care, 8(2), e001818. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001818 Ly, A. L., Flynn, P. M., & Betancourt, H. M. (2023). Cultural Beliefs About Diabetes-Related Social Exclusion and Diabetes Distress Impact Self-Care Behaviors and HbA1c Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-023-10179-w Topic 2 DQ 2 Consider how culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education, employment, support networks, and environment or neighborhood impact health promotion practices. Analyze to what extent access and quality of health care can affect health promotion. Provide examples from your community. Expert Answer and Explanation T2DQ2 Culture, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status Culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status significantly influence health promotion practices. Cultural beliefs shape how individuals perceive health, illness, and treatment, often affecting their willingness to seek medical care. For instance, in some cultures, traditional healing practices may take precedence over modern medicine, impacting the acceptance of preventative care (Easterbrook et al., 2020). Ethnicity can also determine access to healthcare, as minority groups often face language barriers, mistrust of the healthcare system, and discrimination. Socioeconomic status, including income and education level, is closely linked to health outcomes, with individuals from lower-income households more likely to experience health disparities due to limited resources, lack of insurance, and reduced access to health services. Education and employment also play pivotal roles in shaping health behaviors. Higher education levels typically correlate with greater health literacy, allowing individuals to make informed decisions about their health, adhere to medication regimens, and understand the importance of preventative measures like
Post a description of the focus of your scenario. Describe the data that could be used and how the data might be collected and accessed. What knowledge might be derived from that data?
Post a description of the focus of your scenario. Describe the data that could be used and In the modern era, there are few professions that do not to some extent rely on data. Stockbrokers rely on market data to advise clients on financial matters. Meteorologists rely on weather data to forecast weather conditions, while realtors rely on data to advise on the purchase and sale of property. In these and other cases, data not only helps solve problems, but adds to the practitioner’s and the discipline’s body of knowledge. Of course, the nursing profession also relies heavily on data. The field of nursing informatics aims to make sure nurses have access to the appropriate date to solve healthcare problems, make decisions in the interest of patients, and add to knowledge. In this Discussion, you will consider a scenario that would benefit from access to data and how such access could facilitate both problem-solving and knowledge formation. To Prepare: Reflect on the concepts of informatics and knowledge work as presented in the Resources. Consider a hypothetical scenario based on your own healthcare practice or organization that would require or benefit from the access/collection and application of data. Your scenario may involve a patient, staff, or management problem or gap. By Day 3 of Week 1 Post a description of the focus of your scenario. Describe the data that could be used and how the data might be collected and accessed. What knowledge might be derived from that data? How would a nurse leader use clinical reasoning and judgment in the formation of knowledge from this experience? Expert Answer and Explanation The Application of Data to Problem-Solving Description of Scenario In the hospital, there are many forms of data collection including patients’ demographic information, laboratory tests, prescription drugs, physiologic monitoring data, patient insurance, hospitalization, and hospital administrative functions (Kohl et al., 2017). In my facility, once of the scenarios where data is used in problem-solving is the management of chronic conditions. Patients with chronic diseases come to the hospital often, as they need to have constant checkups and regular medications in order to manage their conditions. Description of the Data that Could be Used The data that could be used in my scenario include the number of symptoms that are presented and the time that the symptoms have been seen in the patients. The data can be collected from the patients through the regular laboratory diagnostic procedures, and can be accessed from the records of patients’ medical history. Knowledge that Might be Derived from the Data Some of the information that could be derived from the data is new information about the trends in the chronic illnesses. Other information include the resistance of the drugs that are used to manage some of the infections that are associated with the chronic diseases (Zwar et al., 2017). How a Nurse Leader would Use Clinical Reasoning and Judgment in Knowledge Formation Nurse leaders can use clinical reasoning and judgment in the formation of knowledge from this experience in many ways. Firstly, they would understand the essence of accuracy in data collection and recording, as making mistakes could lead to numerous negative implications on clinical decisions (Branting, 2017). Also, proper use of clinical data improves on the knowledge of the management of chronic conditions. References Branting, L. K. (2017). Data-centric and logic-based models for automated legal problem solving. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 25(1), 5-27. Kohl, S., Schoenfelder, J., Fügener, A., & Brunner, J. O. (2019). The use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in healthcare with a focus on hospitals. Health care management science, 22(2), 245-286. Zwar, N., Harris, M., Griffiths, R., Roland, M., Dennis, S., Powell Davies, G., & Hasan, I. (2017). A systematic review of chronic disease management. Alternative Expert Answer and Explanation Nursing Informatics To enhance patient safety within a healthcare facility, there are a lot of dynamics that come into play. The number of missed nursing care, the number of patients’ vis-a-vis the care providers, the number of fall rates as a result of design aspects of the facilities, to list a few. These are some of the key features that need to be assessed with a conclusive solution realized to any issues concerning patient safety. However, to assist in the process, collection and assessment of data is vital. With the evolution of healthcare systems through technology advances, collecting information in a healthcare setup has become simpler (McBride & Tietze, 2018). Using the example above where patient safety is supposed to be bolstered, there are different sets of data that may be of help. For example, data on the number of admissions per unit can be collected and the nursing staff adjusted as per the need of individual units as a result, reducing physical and emotional nurse burnout that may result in poor safety outcomes for the patient. Another data that can be collected is the number of fall rates and the reason why they occurred in the first place. This data can be used to facilitate changes within the hospital setting to secure better patient safety. For a nurse leader, the collection of such data is vital, especially in the decision-making process. From the collected information, the nurse leader can decide to allocate more nurses on a case-by-case scenario with an increase in the number of patients in different patient units. A nurse leader can also call for structural changes within the facility to reduce patient fall rates. Therefore, with the use of nursing informatics, a nurse leader should always assess areas for improvement by collecting relevant data that can be used to formulate organizational changes to bolster patient safety (Lee et al., 2017). References Lee, T. Y., Sun, G. T., Kou, L. T., & Yeh, M. L. (2017). The use of information technology to enhance patient safety and nursing efficiency. Technology and Health Care, 25(5), 917-928. DOI: 10.3233/THC-170848 McBride, S., & Tietze, M. (2018). Nursing informatics for the advanced practice nurse: patient safety, quality, outcomes, and interprofessionalism. Springer Publishing Company. Place your order
What is your definition of spiritual care? How does it differ or accord with the description given in the topic readings?
What is your definition of spiritual care? How does it differ or accord with the description given in the topic readings? Explain. Expert Answer and Explanation Definition of Spiritual Care As a nurse, it is essential to provide holistic care to patients by providing physical, emotional, and spiritual needs. While physical and emotional needs appear to be direct, spiritual needs are complicated. In my opinion, spiritual care involves acknowledging that the patient believes in a higher power and supporting them in whatever way necessary to connect with it. In many cases, patients might not understand the reason for their suffering and therefore turn to spiritual assurance. A patient can deal with illness, pain, grief, and even loss through spirituality with a more positive attitude (Koper et al. 2019). While the nurse’s role should be to care for the patient physically and ensure that they are in the right state of mind, they should help the patient understand their spirituality. Nurses should seek the patients” understanding of spirituality and explain how they can incorporate it into their healing, hence making them understand their situation even better. The topic readings define spiritual care as the support that nurses offer patients coping with illnesses or pain to make the patient heal physically or emotionally (Hvidt et al. 2020). Through the definition, it is clear that spiritual care is important but it is mostly overlooked. The lack of standard measurement to determine the care also hinders spiritual development (Rachel et al. 2019). The definition explains that nurses can offer support by giving the patients time to pray or quiet when families are interreacting spiritually. While my definition and the topic reading definitions are similar, I believe that my definition does not differ from the topic readings definition. However, each definition allows for a deeper connection between patients and the nurses, increasing the patient’s trust and improving patients’ outcomes. Therefore, when implemented well, either definition will play an essential role in providing holistic care to the patients. References Hvidt, N. C., Nielsen, K. T., Kørup, A. K., Prinds, C., Hansen, D. G., Viftrup, D. T., … & Wæhrens, E. E. (2020). What is spiritual care? Professional perspectives on the concept of spiritual care identified through group concept mapping. BMJ open, 10(12), e042142. Koper, I., Pasman, H. R. W., Schweitzer, B. P., Kuin, A., & Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D. (2019). Spiritual care at the end of life in the primary care setting: experiences from spiritual caregivers-a mixed methods study. BMC palliative care, 18(1), 1-10. Rachel, H., Chiara, C., Robert, K., & Francesco, S. (2019). Spiritual care in nursing: an overview of the measures used to assess spiritual care provision and related factors amongst nurses. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 90(Suppl 4), 44. Alternative Expert Answer Definition and Analysis of Spiritual Care Patients from diverse background see providers expecting to benefit from the care which the latter provides. Some of these patients tend to have spiritual needs, and a provider has a mandate of meeting these needs. The concept, spiritual care, denotes the idea of full filling these kinds of needs. The beneficiaries of this kind of care is not limited to patients considering that patients’ families can equally benefit from it. This means that spiritual care involves attending to a sick person’s spiritual needs with focus on helping the person deal effectively with their experiences. People receive this kind of care so that they can emotionally recover, and the care can limit the severity of a physiological condition, and encourage the healing of the patient given that it helps reduce stress (Fitch & Bartlett, 2019). When a spiritual person receives this kind of care, they gain the hope of recovering, and this ultimately hasten their recovery. The perspective of the spiritual care resonates with the description of the same concept based on the topic readings. Just like in the readings, my own definition of the concept links care to various benefits. A key theme which seems to manifest when comparing my description of the spiritual care and that in the readings, for instance, is helping one to cope with an illness. As they go through their physiological experience, and as they receive spiritual care, a patient becomes hopeful that they would heal. Another shared feature when relating the readings’ view on the concept, and that based on my personal view, is the emotional wellbeing that results when one receives spiritual care. People essentially become emotionally well when they receive spiritual care (Melhem et al., 2016). References Fitch, M. I., & Bartlett, R. (2019). Patient Perspectives about Spirituality and Spiritual Care. Asia-Pacific journal of oncology nursing, 6(2), 111–121.Doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/apjon.apjon_62_18. Melhem, G. A., Zeilani, R. S., Zaqqout, O. A., Aljwad, A. I., Shawagfeh, M. Q., & Al-Rahim, M. A. (2016). Nurses’ Perceptions of Spirituality and Spiritual Care Giving: A Comparison Study Among All Health Care Sectors in Jordan. Indian journal of palliative care, 22(1), 42–49.Doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.173949. DQ 2 When it comes to facilitating spiritual care for patients with worldviews different from your own, what are your strengths and weaknesses? If you were the patient, who would have the final say in terms of ethical decision-making and intervention in the event of a difficult situation? Expert Answer and Explanation Spiritual Care for Patients with Different Worldviews As a nurse, one meets different patients, some with varying perspectives on spirituality. However, it is essential to ensure that one does not experience any biases in taking care of the patients as it is their role to provide equal care (Alshehry, 2018). However, it is almost impossible to provide biased spiritual care when a patient has varying views. For instance, a nurse can be deeply religious while the patient is an atheist (Saad & de Medeiros, 2021). In my case, I have several strengths that guide me when dealing with patients with different worldviews. One of my strengths is that I am accommodating and non-judgments. Instead of judging a patient because of their religious stand, I seek to understand more from them. As a result, they open up more on their spirituality
Write a brief analysis no longer than 2 pages of the connection between EBP and the Quadruple Aim
Write a brief analysis no longer than 2 pages of the connection between EBP and the Quadruple Aim Assignment: Evidence-Based Practice and the Quadruple Aim Healthcare organizations continually seek to optimize healthcare performance. For years, this approach was a three-pronged one known as the Triple Aim, with efforts focused on improved population health, enhanced patient experience, and lower healthcare costs. More recently, this approach has evolved to a Quadruple Aim by including a focus on improving the work life of healthcare providers. Each of these measures are impacted by decisions made at the organizational level, and organizations have increasingly turned to EBP to inform and justify these decisions. To Prepare: Read the articles by Sikka, Morath, & Leape (2015); Crabtree, Brennan, Davis, & Coyle (2016); and Kim et al. (2016) provided in the Resources. Reflect on how EBP might impact (or not impact) the Quadruple Aim in healthcare. Consider the impact that EBP may have on factors impacting these quadruple aim elements, such as preventable medical errors or healthcare delivery. To Complete: Write a brief analysis (no longer than 2 pages) of the connection between EBP and the Quadruple Aim. Your analysis should address how EBP might (or might not) help reach the Quadruple Aim, including each of the four measures of: Patient experience Population health Costs Work life of healthcare providers Articles for this paper include: Sikka, R., Morath, J. M., & Leape, L. (2015). The Quadruple Aim: Care, health, cost and meaning in work. BMJ Quality & Safety, 24, 608–610. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004160. Retrieved from https://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/qhc/24/10/608.full.pdf Crabtree, E., Brennan, E., Davis, A., & Coyle, A. (2016). Improving patient care through nursing engagement in evidence-based practice. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 13(2), 172–175. doi:10.1111/wvn.12126 Assignment Rubric: Write a brief analysis of the connection between evidence-based practice and the Quadruple Aim. Your analysis should address how evidence-based practice might (or might not) help reach the Quadruple Aim, including each of the four measures of:· Patient experience · Population health · Costs · Work life of healthcare providers— Excellent 77 (77%) – 85 (85%) Good 68 (68%) – 76 (76%) Fair 60 (60%) – 67 (67%) Poor 0 (0%) – 59 (59%) Written Expression and Formatting—Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction is provided which delineates all required criteria.— Excellent 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Good 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Fair 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Poor 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Written Expression and Formatting—English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation.— Excellent 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Good 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Fair 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Poor 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Written Expression and Formatting—The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running head, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.— Excellent 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Good 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Fair 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Poor 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Expert Answer and Explanation The use of EBP in nursing practice has been a concept that has been embraced by many healthcare organizations. EBP involves the use of scientifically proven methods or information in the delivery of care to patients. However, its adoption from an organizational perspective requires a holistic approach involving both personal and organizational change of culture to succeed (Melnyk et al., 2014). With proper utilization of EBP, a positive outcome can be realized in enhancing the Quadruple Aim model of improving the overall performance in health care delivery. Patient Experience One of the key components that Quadruple Aim model uses to improve healthcare performance is the patient experience. The initial approach of healthcare delivery was mainly focused on improving the health outcomes of patients from a diseased state to a neutral or positive state. This was done without necessarily focusing on whether the patients were satisfied with the services or not. Currently, with the privatization of many health institutions and the resultant market-led competition in the industry, a lot of emphasis has been placed on ensuring patients are satisfied with the healthcare services they receive. EBP allows the access to current information and methodology on how to handle patients with diverse characteristics and lays focus on core issues such as cultural competence in healthcare, which aims at enhancing patient satisfaction (Crabtree et al., 2016). Population Health The scope of healthcare delivery is not limited to only improving the health status of established patients, but to also ensure that the entire surrounding community embraces good health practices for better health outcomes. EBP, by providing current and relevant information on good health practices, and sensitizing the population on current healthcare issues, then, a positive change in the health continuum of the population is expected. EBP also helps to inform the strategies to be used in health promotion activities such as advocacy, community health education, etc., with the aim of improving the health outcome of a given population group. Healthcare costs The issue of high medical costs has been a major impediment in the provision of health care services. Many patients have succumbed to their illnesses due to this issue. That is why institutions, both governmental and non-governmental, involved in the provision of healthcare services, are trying to find ways of reducing the heavy cost burden on patients. EBP can play an instrumental role in the reduction of healthcare costs through proposal of alternative methods of delivering healthcare services. EBP offers proactive approaches to improving the health status of patients, thus reducing the overall costs spent on healthcare in the long run. EBP also emphasizes on modern healthcare trends like the use of current technology in the delivery of health services. This, in the long run, reduces the medical errors and translates to a reduction in costs spent on healthcare by both the patients and the hospital (reduction of litigation costs due to preventable medical errors). Better Working Environment for Healthcare Providers The wellbeing and satisfaction of patients to a great
For this assignment conduct a cultural self-assessment using the Staircase Self-Assessment Model and write a 1250–1500-word reflection essay
For this assignment conduct a cultural self-assessment using the Staircase Self-Assessment Assignment Description: Part 1: For this assignment conduct a cultural self-assessment using the Staircase Self-Assessment Model and write a 1250–1500-word reflection essay. To understand culture and cultural diversity, you must understand your own culture and beliefs. Utilizing the Staircase Self-Assessment Model as a means of determining your level of cultural competency, write a 1250 to 1500-word essay outlining the six stages: cultural destructiveness, cultural incapacity, cultural blindness, pre-competency, basic cultural competency, and advance cultural competency. Determine your level on the staircase by answering the following questions. Please be mindful that your responses will not be judged; only your knowledge of the Staircase Self-Assessment Model will be evaluated: Step 1: • How much do I value becoming culturally competent? • What actions have I taken recently or in the past when caring for culturally diverse patients that demonstrate my motivation? Step 2: • How much do I know about my cultural heritage or racial identity and its relationship to my own healthcare beliefs and practices? • Have I discussed these issues with my parents, grandparents, or other relatives? Step 3: • How much do I know about cultural groups that differ from my own? Step 4: • How culturally diverse is my social network? • How many encounters with cultural group members outside my social network do I have? Are these relationships superficial, or do I have social contact beyond the workplace? Step 5: • Am I able to independently identify the potential or actual problems that originate from cultural conflicts, or am I surprised by them? • Do I serve as a culturally competent role model/mentor for others? Step 6: • Have I developed problem-solving strategies to manage cultural conflicts? • Am I able to manage or resolve cultural problems or issues that arise, and what resources do I use? Once you have completed the self-assessment, address the following questions: 1. Why are self-knowledge and understanding a critical step in achieving cultural competence? 2. How has the “cultural self-assessment” exercise influenced your awareness of personal and professional values, attitudes, and practices, including prejudices and biases? 3. How will your interactions with patients and families change as a result of this self-reflection? Remember, you answer these questions from your perspective, so there is no right or wrong response. You must address each question. Although the information on your self-assessment paper is strictly confidential, if you do not wish to self-disclose a specific area from the Staircase, indicate that by explaining in detail why you do not want to disclose. You are not required to provide citations/references in this paper. Attention should be paid to grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Part 2: Go to Think Cultural Health located on the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Office of Minority Health website (you may access it from the following URL (https://thinkculturalhealth.hhs.gov/). Click on the Education tab. Select nurses and create your account (there are approximately seven questions to answer). Register for the Think Cultural Health program for nurses: Nurses – Culturally Competent Nursing Care: A Cornerstone of Caring. For Module 1, you will only register and review the objectives of Course I. Throughout the next 7 Modules; you will complete the program. There are three (3) courses. The estimated time to complete the entire program is nine (9) hours. When you register, please Do Not select the CNE Nursing option. You must select the option, Statement of Participation. You will submit the Statement of Participation in Module 7. Expert Answer and Explanation Staircase Self-Assessment Model Cultural diversity is a key factor for any medical professional and can be used to ensure efficient working relations. It is important that different interventions and models are applied to help improve the efficiency and outcome of care. The Staircase Self-Assessment Model can be used to help understand the aspect of cultural competency and how it can be applied within the healthcare sector. This paper will focus on the analysis of the Staircase Self-Assessment Model to explore the issue of cultural competency. Stages of the Staircase Self-Assessment Model Cultural Destructiveness Cultural destructiveness occurs when a person denies patient healthcare services as of the difference in the culturally and linguistically diverse background. The aspect denotes that there can be challenges with the delivery of care when the nurse and patient come from different or diverse cultures, in this regard, the cultural difference would have facilitated the destruction of services that would have been rendered under other conditions. Cultural Incapacity The concept of cultural incapacity originates from the lack of capacity to meet the needs of patients from all ethnic, linguistic, and ethnic backgrounds. Incapacity is different from destructiveness since it focuses on the inability of the facility to meet different needs. The incapacity can be derived from the lack of resources or amenities to ensure that the facility meets all its services to different cultural different patients. Cultural Blindness The component of cultural blindness is the deliberate oversight of the aspect of culture and how it can be used to meet the different outcomes of care. When a care provider provides the same standard form of care to all patients regardless of their cultural background can be referred to as cultural blindness. The aspect denotes that the treatment is only based on the medical need of the patient and not the alignment with cultural norms. Blindness treats each person equally and care is not based on cultural and ethnic needs, but rather based on standard protocols that apply to all. Cultural Pre-Competency The pre-competence aspect focuses on the strategies within which agencies or individual care providers attempt to improve their cultural awareness. The process is essential as it creates a means by which a person can further improve their understanding of culture and its impact on others. Cultural awareness within the pre-competence level can be viewed as the early stages toward proficiency. Basic Cultural Competency The stage of cultural competency is the continued attempts for a person to make