[ANSWERED 2023] Discuss what resources are often necessary for nonacute care for cardiorespiratory issues. Explain how they support patient independence and decrease readmission
Discuss what resources are often necessary for nonacute care for cardiorespiratory issues DQ 1 Identify a cardiac or respiratory issue and outline the key steps necessary to include for prevention and health promotion. DQ 2 Discuss what resources are often necessary for nonacute care for cardiorespiratory issues. Explain how they support patient independence and decrease readmission. Expert Answer and Explanation: DQ 1 Heart Disease The primary purpose of the heart is to facilitate the flow of blood around the different body organs, but it first has to pump blood to the lungs to facilitate oxygenation. Heart disease has a direct impact on the respiratory system as it causes irregularities in the manner in which blood is transported to and from the lungs (DeFilippis et al., 2017). The interconnectedness of the heard and the lungs make them work together in ensuring that all cells within the body are provided with sufficient oxygen required for survival. Heart disease has become one of the leading causative agents for death and disability within the United States. Numerous causative agents can be considered risk factors for heart disease. While these risk factors (age, gender, and family history) cannot change, nor can they be controlled, there are others that can be controlled to prevent heart disease occurrence. The control measures can be evaluated in the form of steps that an individual can perform for the prevention and health promotion of heart disease. The first step for the prevention of heart disease is to control one’s blood pressure as it is a high risk of heart disease. Secondly, there is a need to control the levels of triglyceride and cholesterol as they can clog the blood vessels (Ammouri et al., 2016). Regular exercise is also a step to ensure that a person maintains a healthy weight as a preventive mechanism. Other essential steps include healthy dieting, limit alcohol or smoking, stress management, and also managing diabetes. These steps are essential in ensuring that a person is prevented from the controllable risk of acquiring heart disease. The steps are also a great measure to facilitate health promotion within society. Reference Ammouri, A. A., Tailakh, A., Isac, C., Kamanyire, J. K., Muliira, J., & Balachandran, S. (2016). Knowledge of coronary heart disease risk factors among a community sample in Oman: Pilot study. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 16(2), e189. DeFilippis, A. P., Young, R., McEvoy, J. W., Michos, E. D., Sandfort, V., Kronmal, R. A., … & Blaha, M. J. (2017). Risk score overestimation: the impact of individual cardiovascular risk factors and preventive therapies on the performance of the American Heart Association-American College of Cardiology-Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease risk score in a modern multi-ethnic cohort. European heart journal, 38(8), 598-608. Expert Answer and Explanation: DQ 2 Resources for Cardiorespiratory Issues Both the lungs and the heart work jointly to ensure there is sufficient and constant supply of oxygenated blood within the body and the removal of carbon dioxide from the system. These cycles facilitate the importance of sustaining life as it is. Issues related to either the heart or the lungs may have a negative influence on the other organ and potentially result in both organs demonstrating nonacute cardiorespiratory issues (Canada et al., 2018). These issues are termed as those that concern both the lungs and heart but do not require urgent or emergency intervention. These patients can also be within hospitals in waiting for discharge to the healthcare facility necessary for their condition. The resources needed for the care of nonacute cardiorespiratory issues entail palliative care, long-term care, nursing and life support services, counseling, physiotherapy, and rehabilitation services. These services provide additional assistance with regards to care and management of the issues that the patient is facing through recovery. For instance, palliative care focuses on the measures that can improve the overall quality of life for both the patient and their families who ace the problems that are associated with the illness (Imboden et al., 2018). These resources are critical in support of patient readmission due to various reasons. To begin with, they offer relief to distressing symptoms and pain that a patient might be experiencing. While nonacute cardiorespiratory issues do not necessitate emergency care, the symptoms can be severe and in need of relief. These resources also help with affirming life by integrating spiritual and psychological elements of care. In the event of readmission, the resources help the patients with spiritual care and regard death as a normal process. They also facilitate quality of life, which positively influences the nature of the illness. References Canada, J. M., Weiss, E., Evans, R. K., Van Tassell, B. W., Garten, R., & Abbate, A. (2018). Determinants of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following Thoracic Radiotherapy. Circulation, 138(Suppl_1), A14282-A14282. Imboden, M., Harber, M. P., Whaley, M. H., Finch, W. H., Bishop, D. A., & Kaminsky, L. A. (2018). The Association Between Long-Term Changes in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Mortality Risk. Circulation, 138(Suppl_1), A16590-A16590. Place your order now for a similar assignment and get fast, cheap and best quality work written by our expert level assignment writers.Use Coupon: NEW30 to Get 30% OFF Your First Order FAQs Prevention and control of cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to a group of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, including heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. CVD is a leading cause of death globally, but there are steps that individuals can take to prevent and control the disease. Here are some strategies for prevention and control of CVD: Eat a healthy diet: Eating a diet that is low in saturated and trans fats, salt, and added sugars, and high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats can help reduce the risk of CVD. Get regular exercise: Regular physical activity can help lower blood pressure, improve cholesterol levels, and reduce the risk of CVD. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week. Maintain a healthy weight: Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of CVD, so maintaining a healthy
[ANSWERED 2023] Search the GCU Library and find one new health care article that uses quantitative research
Search the GCU Library and find one new health care article that uses quantitative research. Search the GCU Library and find one new health care article that uses quantitative research. Do not use an article from a previous assignment, or that appears in the Topic Materials or textbook. Complete an article analysis and ethics evaluation of the research using the “Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics” template. See Chapter 5 of your textbook as needed, for assistance. While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. Expert Answer and Explanation Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics Article Citation and Permalink (APA format) Article 1 Espeland, M. A., Lipska, K., Miller, M. E., Rushing, J., Cohen, R. A., Verghese, J., … & Pahor, M. (2017). Effects of physical activity intervention on physical and cognitive function in sedentary adults with and without diabetes. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 72(6), 861-866. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw179 Point Description Broad Topic Area/Title Effects of physical activity intervention on physical and cognitive function in sedentary adults with and without diabetes Problem Statement (What is the problem research is addressing?) More than a quarter of the US aging population suffer from diabetes mellitus. This condition has increased their chances of developing geriatric syndromes. Medication alone have not entirely reduced the effects of the condition. That said, this study has addressed physical activity and its effects on diabetic patients. Purpose Statement (What is the purpose of the study?) The purpose of this study was to explore the “effects of physical activity intervention on physical and cognitive function in sedentary adults with and without diabetes.” Research Questions (What questions does the research seek to answer?) The researchers used one primary research question to guide the study. The research question was “what are the effects of physical activity intervention on physical and cognitive function in sedentary adults with and without diabetes?” Define Hypothesis (Or state the correct hypothesis based upon variables used) Apart from the research question, a hypothesis was created to guide the study. The hypothesis for this study was that “the intervention may have different effects on physical and cognitive function, depending on individuals’ diabetes status.” Identify Dependent and Independent Variables and Type of Data for the Variables Two main variables were included in the study. The first variable is independent variable. This variable was represented by physical activity intervention. This variable belongs to quantitative data type. The second variable is dependent variable. It is represented by sedentary adults with and without diabetes. Its data type is categorical. Population of Interest for Study Researchers must identify the people or other populations targeted by their study. In this research, the target or population of interest were 65 years and above sedentary adults with and without diabetes. Sample The respondents in the research were 1,476 70–89 years old sedentary individuals who could walk for about 400 meters in 15 minutes regardless of their extreme inability to conduct daily function. Sampling Method Researchers must indicate how they conducted their sampling method to validate if the study was fair or not. In this research, random sampling approach was used to sample and select the participants for the study. Identify Data Collection Identify how data were collected Identifying a data collection instrument is vital because it can help in analyzing the research to determine its reliability and validity. Researchers in this study collected data using interviews as their main data collection instrument. Summarize Data Collection Approach The researchers collected data by administering three computer-based cognitive tests at either 18 or 30 months and at baseline, depending on when the respondents were included in the study. The interviewer-administered tests included the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III Digit Symbol Coding test (DSC), the Modified MiniMental State Exam (3MSE), and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-D). Discuss Data Analysis Include what types of statistical tests were used for the variables. Descriptive analysis was used as the method to analyze data in the study. The authors analyzed data by comparing measures of cognitive and physical functions and baseline risk factors with diabetes groups and intervention based on the analyses of logistic regression and variance. Summarize Results of Study 90.3% of the participants successfully completed the study making it results reliable. The Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) reduced the participants’ risk of developing major mobility conditions by increasing their physical activities. Physical activity alone was found to be beneficial because it increased the participants’ mobility speed but did not have effects on their cognitive health. However, LIFE has both cognitive and physical impacts. Summary of Assumptions and Limitations Identify the assumptions and limitations from the article. Report other potential assumptions and limitations of your review not listed by the author. The first limitation of the study is that it cannot be used to represent general population because few participants volunteered to participate. The second limitation is that the timeframe assigned the project was limited and could not be used to provide maximum results. The last limitation is that diabetes was underdiagnosed in the study. Ethical Considerations The first ethical consideration that may have occurred when sampling was informed consent. Informed consent is an ethical consideration that ensures that the researchers have not forced the participants to participate (Moore, Munguia Gomez & Levine, 2019). In other words, the element ensures that participants have voluntarily participated in the study. In the informed consent form, the researchers are ethically required to tell the respondents the purpose of the study, its importance, and how it will be used to improve healthcare. Another ethical consideration that might have occurred in the study was approved. Moore et al. (2019) mention that researchers should seek
[ANSWERED 2023] An understanding of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the fact that these
An understanding of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis An understanding of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the fact that these two systems work so closely together. A variety of factors and circumstances that impact the emergence and severity of issues in one system can have a role in the performance of the other. Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their capacity to work together. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact. An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans. In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health. To prepare: By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor. Scenario: A 65-year-old patient is 8 days post op after a total knee replacement. Patient suddenly complains of shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain, and palpitations. On arrival to the emergency department, an EKG revealed new onset atrial fibrillation and right ventricular strain pattern – T wave inversions in the right precordial leads (V1-4) ± the inferior leads (II, III, aVF). your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis) In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms. Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning. How these processes interact to affect the patient. By Day 7 of Week 4 Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4 GRADING RUBRIC: Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examing the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:Explain both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes of why the patient presents these symptoms.– Excellent 28 (28%) – 30 (30%) Good 25 (25%) – 27 (27%) Fair 23 (23%) – 24 (24%) Poor 0 (0%) – 22 (22%) Explain how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.– Excellent 28 (28%) – 30 (30%) Good 25 (25%) – 27 (27%) Fair 23 (23%) – 24 (24%) Poor 0 (0%) – 22 (22%) Explain any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.– Excellent 23 (23%) – 25 (25%) Good 20 (20%) – 22 (22%) Fair 18 (18%) – 19 (19%) Poor 0 (0%) – 17 (17%) Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria.– Excellent 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Good 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Fair 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Poor 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards:Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation– Excellent 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Good 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Fair 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Poor 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.– Excellent 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Good 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Fair 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Poor 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Total Points: 100 Expert Answer and Explanation Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Processes The clinical interventions have seen some specific advancements that have improved medical professionals’ ability to provide safe and quality care to patients. However, medical professionals have found it hard to manage cardiovascular diseases despite the advancements present in the field of medicine as of now. Reamy, Williams, and Odom (2017) argue that the challenge of managing cardiovascular diseases can be reflected in the higher number of patients with the diseases being readmitted to hospitals even after holistic and intensive care. Also, a great number of patients have died of cardiovascular disease despite getting quality and safe medical interventions (McCance & Huether, 2019). Researchers have found that to provide better care to patients with cardiovascular diseases, clinicians should know the pathophysiologic processes resulting in the symptoms. The Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Processes Various cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary processes resulted in the symptoms presented by the patient. The shortness of breath was caused by interactions between the cardiovascular system, oxygen carriers, neural responses, and the respiratory system (Coccia, Palkowski, Schweitzer, Motsohi, & Ntusi, 2016). The symptom occurred when the drive to breath was not matched by pulmonary ventilation. The process is often triggered by the mismatch between the lungs, chest wall structures, receptors in the airways, and the central respiratory motor activity. The patient experienced pleuritic chest pain because the two large layers of tissues separating the patient’s lungs were inflamed (Inamdar & Inamdar, 2016). The patient felt chest pain because the pleural membrane layers were swollen and rubbing against each other when he breathes. According to Ashton and Raman (2015), there are no clinical reasons for the symptoms of palpitations. However, the authors note that palpation occurs when the cardiac rhythm or rate changes or when the heart moves abnormally in the chest. Racial/Ethnic Variables that may Impact Physiological Functioning Many existing genetic variables may impact the physiological functioning of patients. One such variable is peroxisome proliferator activated‐receptor γ (PPARγ). One of the functions of this variable is regulating the fat cell. Also, activated PPARγ works with thiazolidinediones to block the channel activity of calcium smooth muscle cells, lower blood pressure, promote the secretion of the vasodilator C‐type natriuretic peptide, and prevents the release of
[SOLVED 2023] Select an adult patient that you examined during the last 4 weeks who presented with a disorder other than the disorder present in your Week 3 Case Presentation
Select an adult patient that you examined during the last 4 weeks who presented with a Create a Focused SOAP Note on this patient using the template provided in the Learning Resources. There is also a completed Focused SOAP Note Exemplar provided to serve as a guide to assignment expectations. Please Note: All SOAP notes must be signed, and each page must be initialed by your Preceptor. Note: Electronic signatures are not accepted. When you submit your note, you should include the complete focused SOAP note as a Word document and PDF/images of each page that is initialled and signed by your Preceptor. You must submit your SOAP note using SafeAssign. Note: If both files are not received by the due date, faculty will deduct points per the Walden Grading Policy. Then, based on your SOAP note of this patient, develop a video case study presentation. Take time to practice your presentation before you record. Include at least five scholarly resources to support your assessment, diagnosis, and treatment planning. Ensure that you have the appropriate lighting and equipment to record the presentation. The Assignment Record yourself presenting the complex case study for your clinical patient. In your presentation: Dress professionally and present yourself in a professional manner. Display your photo ID at the start of the video when you introduce yourself. Ensure that you do not include any information that violates the principles of HIPAA (i.e., don’t use the patient’s name or any other identifying information). Present the full complex case study. Include chief complaint; history of present illness; any pertinent past psychiatric, substance use, medical, social, family history; most recent mental status exam; current psychiatric diagnosis including differentials that were ruled out; and plan for treatment and management. Report normal diagnostic results as the name of the test and “normal” (rather than specific value). Abnormal results should be reported as a specific value. Be succinct in your presentation, and do not exceed 8 minutes. Specifically address the following for the patient, using your SOAP note as a guide: Subjective: What details did the patient provide regarding their chief complaint and symptomology to derive your differential diagnosis? What is the duration and severity of their symptoms? How are their symptoms impacting their functioning in life? Objective: What observations did you make during the psychiatric assessment? Assessment: Discuss patient mental status examination results. What were your differential diagnoses? Provide a minimum of three possible diagnoses and why you chose them. List them from highest priority to lowest priority. What was your primary diagnosis, and why? Describe how your primary diagnosis aligns with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and supported by the patient’s symptoms. Plan: What was your plan for psychotherapy? What was your plan for treatment and management, including alternative therapies? Include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters, as well as a rationale for this treatment and management plan. Be sure to include at least one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy. Reflection notes: What would you do differently with this patient if you could conduct the session over? If you are able to follow up with your patient, explain whether these interventions were successful and why or why not. If you were not able to conduct a follow up, discuss what your next intervention would be. Learning Resources Required Readings (click to expand/reduce) Carlat, D. J. (2017). The psychiatric interview (4th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. Chapter 28, “Assessing Neurocognitive Disorders (Dementia and Delirium)” Expert Answer and Explanation Schizoaffective Disorder Subjective: CC (chief complaint): “They want to kill me but people do not believe me. I can even hear them talk.” HPI: JW is a 45-years-old male of Caucasian origin who came to the healthcare facility complaining of auditory and visual hallucinations. The patient has not been prescribed any medications at the moment until screening and testing are done. He complains that he has been seeing people around his home and hearing them planning his death. She has been reporting hallucinations for the past six weeks or so. He was accompanied by his wife to the office. The wife noted that the patient has been showing catatonic behavior for the past weeks. She narrated that the patient sometimes grabs his gun and speaks to himself by saying that he will kill them before they kill him. He has also been spotted echoing words as if he is repeating someone else’s words. The wife argued that when the client is not experiencing hallucinations, he experiences a depressed mood by not eating or wanting to be near anybody. When he is moody, he wants to be isolated and away from the world. The wife noted that the symptoms have pushed him away from his work and family. He was given leave to go and sought himself out. Substance Current Use: The patient has a history of taking drugs. He reports using illicit drugs such as cocaine and meth. However, he denies using alcohol or cigarettes. Medical History: He was diagnosed with hypertension but stopped taking medications noting that “they” want to kill him using medications. Current Medications: He is not on any medications at the moment. Allergies:No allergies. Reproductive Hx:He has not been able to engage in sexual activities in the past seven months. ROS: GENERAL: Wife reports weight loss. The client reports fatigue and weakness on some occasions. Denies fever or chills. HEENT: Eyes: No eye diseases or abnormalities. Ears, Nose, Throat: He denies hearing loss or infections. He denies a runny nose, sore throat, congestion, or sneezing. SKIN: No rash. CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pressure, edema or palpitations, chest discomfort, or chest pressure. RESPIRATORY: No difficulty breathing, sputum, or cough. GASTROINTESTINAL: No abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, or anorexia. GENITOURINARY: No odd color, hesitancy, odor, urgency, or burning during urination. NEUROLOGICAL: No tingling or numbness of the legs or fingers. No dizziness, headache, ataxia, paralysis, or bowel problems. MUSCULOSKELETAL: No stiffness or pain in the joints and muscles. No muscle, back pain, joint pain, or stiffness. HEMATOLOGIC: No anemia, clotting abnormalities, or abnormal hematologic status. LYMPHATICS: No enlarged nodes. ENDOCRINOLOGIC: Denies polydipsia, cold, sweating, polyuria, or heat problems. Objective: Physical Exam: Temp 36, BP 137/90, Ht. 6’2, Wt. 145lbs, P 78, RR 18. HEENT: Head: Face is symmetrical. Cranial nerves V and VII around the head are intact. He can move facial muscles at will. The shape of the head is rounded and there are no involuntary muscle movements.Eyes: Cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal system, anterior chamber, and pupils are intact. The eye is not painful or red. Vision intact. Lacerations positions normal. Ears: Hearing
[ANSWERED 2022] In a Microsoft Word document of 4-5 pages formatted in APA style, you will develop a process for advocating about an issue as a nurse, from identifying a problem that needs to be solved through articulating a process for doing so
In a Microsoft Word document of 4-5 pages formatted in APA style, you will develop a process for advocating Reaching out a Solution In a Microsoft Word document of 4-5 pages formatted in APA style, you will develop a process for advocating about an issue as a nurse, from identifying a problem that needs to be solved through articulating a process for doing so. This assignment consists of answering each of the questions listed below from the “Political Analysis and Strategies” chapter of your course textbook. Write each question as a new topic area; then follow with a paragraph or two to answer the question. Let us assume that you are a school nurse in a high school. At a recent school athletic event, a spectator suffered a cardiac arrest in the stands. A coach of the home team went into the high school to fetch the automatic emergency defibrillator (AED) only to find out that it was not readily available. In the meantime, an emergency squad arrived and resuscitated the spectator. On Monday morning, you learn of the absence of the AED only to find out that it had been locked in the custodian’s closet. Reflect on the following questions outlined in the “Political Analysis and Strategies” chapter What is the issue? Is it my issue, and can I solve it? Is this the real issue or merely a symptom of a larger one? Does it need an immediate solution, or can it wait? Is it likely to go away by itself? Can I risk ignoring it? What are the possible solutions? Are there risks to these solutions? What steps would you need to take in order to solve the issue? Does anyone else at the school need to be involved in the solution? Where is the power leverage in the school to reach the preferred solution? Reaching a solution requires the use of power vested in the nurse. Review Box 9-1 (Sources of Power) and determine which type(s) of power the school nurse has in this situation. State your reasons for your answer. On a separate reference page, cite all sources using APA format. Please note that the title and reference pages should not be included in the total page count of your paper. Expert Answer and Explanation Reaching out a Solution What is the issue? Nurses have to go through many issues that need their attention in their line of work. The problems can include but not limited to, policy-based, medical equipment based, and financial-based problems. In this scenario, the high school nurse is experiencing the issue of poor storage of medical emergency equipment. Is it my issue, and can I solve it? Poor storage of medical equipment is a nursing issue, and they should be part of the team that provides solutions. According to Lavin et al. (2015), nurses should have medical equipment readily available so that they can effectively discharge their duties. However, if the tool is out of reach, the nurses will not save lives are required of them. Is this the real issue or merely a symptom of a larger one? The inadequate storage of medical equipment is not the real issue in this situation. The problem is part of a more significant issue, which is the lack of training staff on how to handle medical equipment. If the workers are not well trained, they will not have proper knowledge of how to handle medical tools (Freeland et al., 2016). Institution managers should also be trained on how to manage health tools. Does it need an immediate solution, or can it wait? A patient might die if not given immediate first aid treatment. However, Bojarski et al. (2016) report that nurses cannot provide proper first aid when the equipment to do so is lacking. Thus, this issue should be solved immediately to avoid significant situations in the future. Is it likely to go away by itself? Poor handling of medical equipment is part of the lack of training. Thus, it cannot go by itself. On that note, nurses should be involved in solving it. Can I risk ignoring it? A nurse or any other stakeholder cannot ignore the issue of improper handling of medical equipment. Freeland et al. (2016) argue that if emergency medical tools are missing, many people can die. Therefore, the nurse should step up and handle the issue with all the resources at his or her disposal. What are the possible solutions? Are there risks to these solutions? The first possible solution to mishandling medical equipment is training staff on how to handle the tools. The custodian could have been educated to give a nurse or any person in charge of student health who was on the shift to control the automatic emergency defibrillator (AED). The second solution is employing trained personnel to handle medical equipment. The custodian of the AED was not medically trained to handle the therapeutic tool. The final solution is firing the custodian of AED for not being present during such a huge event where a person might develop a health issue. What steps would you need to take in order to solve the issue? The first step a nurse can take in solving the issue is researching, asking why the AED was not available when needed. Second is writing a report on the findings and presenting it to the revenant authorities within the school. Lastly, following up to check if his or her recommendations are being implemented. Does anyone else at the school need to be involved in the solution? Many people in the school need to be involved in solving the issue. The management should be included, and their thoughts collected. Also, the nurse should meet the finance and HR departments and discuss with them why they need to fire the current custodian and hire another person who is more qualified to handle medical equipment such as AED. Where is the power leverage in the school to reach the preferred solution? The school nurse can
[ANSWERED 2023] An understanding of cells and cell behavior is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. But some diseases can be complex in nature, with a variety of factors
An understanding of cells and cell behavior is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. But some diseases can be complex in nature An understanding of cells and cell behavior is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. But some diseases can be complex in nature, with a variety of factors and circumstances impacting their emergence and severity. Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond isolated cell behavior. Genes, the environments in which cell processes operate, the impact of patient characteristics, and racial and ethnic variables all can have an important impact. An understanding of the signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans. In this Assignment you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify cell, gene, and/or process elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health. To prepare: By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor. The Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis) Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis in which you: Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described. Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease. Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems. Scenario 3: A 34-year-old Hispanic-American male with end-stage renal disease received a kidney transplant from a cadaver donor, as no one in his family was a good match. His post-operative course was uneventful, and he was discharged with the antirejection drugs Tacrolimus (Prograf), Cyclosporine (Neoral), and Imuran (Azathioprine). He did well for 3 months and had returned to his job as a policeman. Six months after his transplant, he began to gain weight, had decreased urine output, was very fatigued, and began to run temperatures up to 101?F. He was evaluated by his nephrologist, who diagnosed acute kidney transplant rejection. Excellent Good Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following: Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described. Points Range: 28 (28%) – 30 (30%) The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. Points Range: 25 (25%) – 27 (27%) The response describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease. Points Range: 23 (23%) – 25 (25%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease. Points Range: 20 (20%) – 22 (22%) The response includes an accurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease. Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems. Points Range: 28 (28%) – 30 (30%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of the pathophysiological processes that may be associated with the development of the diagnosed condition. Points Range: 25 (25%) – 27 (27%) The response includes an accurate explanation of the pathophysiological processes that may be associated with the development of the diagnosed condition. NURS 6501 Module 1 assignment Case Study Analysis Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria. Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria. Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive. Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors. Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors. Fair Poor Points Range: 23 (23%) – 24 (24%) The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate. NURS 6501 Module 1 assignment Case Study Analysis The response includes reasons for the symptoms, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research. Points Range: 0 (0%) – 22 (22%) The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing. The response does not include reasons for the symptoms, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate or no evidence/research. Points Range: 18 (18%) – 19 (19%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease. Points Range: 0 (0%) – 17 (17%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease is missing. Points Range: 23 (23%) – 24 (24%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the pathophysiological processes that may be associated with the development of the diagnosed condition. Points Range: 0 (0%) – 17 (17%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the pathophysiological processes that may be associated with the development of the diagnosed condition, or the analysis is missing. Points Range: 3 (3%) –
Assignment Evidence-Based Project, Part 5: Recommending an Evidence-Based Practice Change
Assignment Evidence-Based Project, Part 5: Recommending an Evidence-Based Practice Change The collection of evidence is an activity that occurs with an endgame in mind. For example, law enforcement professionals collect evidence to support a decision to charge those accused of criminal activity. Similarly, evidence-based healthcare practitioners collect evidence to support decisions in pursuit of specific healthcare outcomes. In this Assignment, you will identify an issue or opportunity for change within your healthcare organization and propose an idea for a change in practice supported by an EBP approach. To Prepare: Reflect on the four peer-reviewed articles you critically appraised in Module 4, related to your clinical topic of interest and PICOT. Reflect on your current healthcare organization and think about potential opportunities for evidence-based change, using your topic of interest and PICOT as the basis for your reflection. Consider the best method of disseminating the results of your presentation to an audience. Create an 8- to 9-slide PowerPoint presentation in which you do the following: Briefly describe your healthcare organization, including its culture and readiness for change. (You may opt to keep various elements of this anonymous, such as your company name.) Describe the current problem or opportunity for change. Include in this description the circumstances surrounding the need for change, the scope of the issue, the stakeholders involved, and the risks associated with change implementation in general. Propose an evidence-based idea for a change in practice using an EBP approach to decision making. Note that you may find further research needs to be conducted if sufficient evidence is not discovered. Describe your plan for knowledge transfer of this change, including knowledge creation, dissemination, and organizational adoption and implementation. Describe the measurable outcomes you hope to achieve with the implementation of this evidence-based change. Be sure to provide APA citations of the supporting evidence-based peer-reviewed articles you selected to support your thinking. Add a lessons learned section that includes the following: A summary of the critical appraisal of the peer-reviewed articles you previously submitted An explanation about what you learned from completing the evaluation table (1 slide) An explanation about what you learned from completing the levels of evidence table (1 slide) An explanation about what you learned from completing the outcomes synthesis table (1 slide) Expert Answer and Explanation I am currently working in a nursing and rehabilitation center, which mainly deals with patients with diverse needs. Our main task is to ensure that patients receive safe and quality care that will assist them regain independence and functionality like they were before their illness. The current organizational culture is unsupportive of the change with poor leadership, lack of accountability, and laxity by staff being some of the factors contributing to this culture. Currently the organization is having high number of cases of falls and other safety issues, which has drastically affected the facility’s rating, patient outcomes and to some extent even work satisfaction of the employees working within the facility. This problem can be attributed to lack of urgency shown by the staff when answering call-lights and alarms Scope: The issue mainly affects patients under admission, where at times they require help from the nurses but laxity of the nurses to respond to call lights and alarms, delay the help they require, which in most instances lead to adverse outcomes, like patient falls. The issue also mainly revolves around nursing unit, who are supposed to be at the forefront in responding to alarms and call lights. The change needed should therefore target at improving the response of nurses in tending to the sensory alarms and call lights to improve patient outcomes. The stakeholders involved in the change include the following; The organization leadership – The organization leadership should show interest in the change given the impact of the issue on the performance of the organization. In support of the change, they should allocate the necessary resources needed to implement the change, and also be at the forefront in leading the change. Another stakeholder are the nurses, nurse practitioners and physicians who are in charge of delivering care to patients. They are supposed to actively participate in resolving the issue with the aim of improving patient outcomes. Technicians will also be among the stakeholders involved. Their role will be to ensure that the monitoring systems are properly functional to avoid false positives and false negatives which end up causing alarm fatigue and laxity by nurses to respond (Baker & Rodger, 2020). Quality assurance team should also be part of the initiative, with their role being to provide oversight on whether the change is meeting the intended quality- related outcomes The patients are also key stakeholders involved given that impact of the change in their outcomes. Some of the risks attached to implementing the proposed change include change resistance from nurses which will affect the success of the project. The other risk is increased nurse workload from what is currently is due to the requirement to increase their level of responses to sensory alarms and call lights. As it currently is, the nurses and other care providers have a lax attitude to respond to call lights and sensory alarms. One of the main causes of laxity to respond to sensory alarms and call lights by nurses can be attributed to alarm fatigue (Baker & Rodger, 2020). Studies have indicated that sensory alarms fatigue is caused by faulty monitoring systems, inadequate training on how to respond to the sensory alarms and organizational factors including poor culture and leadership (Bach et al. , 2018). Therefore the evidence based change that is suggested is to train nurses and introduce an online monitoring system that will reduce the number of false alarms, in turn improving response times and reducing alarm fatigue. The suggested intervention is linked with various studies as being effective including studies by Bach et al. (2018) and Ruskin and Hueske-Kraus (2015). To facilitate knowledge transfer for the change the following plan will be used. The first step is knowledge creation which will entail collection of evidence on good practices which can assist to improve nurse response times to sensory alarms. Knowledge will be created by collecting evidence on the current practice and its impact on patient outcomes and comparing it with best practices, through which the change
[ANSWERED 2023] Patient AO has a history of obesity and has recently gained 9 pounds. The patient has been
Patient AO has a history of obesity and has recently gained 9 pounds. The patient has been For Week 2, you will examine how patient factors may influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of pharmacotherapeutics used in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. You also explore ways to improve drug therapy plans for cardiovascular disorders based on patient factors and overall health needs. When writing your Week 2 Assignment, consider the following scenario: Patient AO has a history of obesity and has recently gained 9 pounds. The patient has been diagnosed with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Drugs currently prescribed include the following: Atenolol 12.5 mg daily Doxazosin 8 mg daily Hydralazine 10 mg qid Sertraline 25 mg daily Simvastatin 80 mg daily Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines are fundamental to clinical practice, as they assist providers with clinical decision making. I have attached some applicable guidelines below for your reference. I would strongly suggest you review the applicable guidelines prior to making treatment recommendations for the case study. 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for Mgmt of HTN in Adults_JNC8.pdf 2017 ACC-AHA Guideline Mgmt HTN in Adults.pdf 2018 AHA-ACC Guideline on Mgmt Blood Cholesterol.pdf 2017 ACC-AHA-HFSA Guideline Mgmt HF.pdf ASH 2018 Guidelines Mgmt of VTE_Optimal Anticoag.pdf 2019 AHA-ACC-HRS Guideline for Mgmt A Fib.pdf 2017 AHA-ACC Guideline Mgmt Valvular Heart Disease.pdf Week 2: Cardiovascular System Alterations of the cardiovascular system can cause serious adverse events and may lead to death when not treated in a timely and safe manner. Unfortunately, many patients with cardiovascular disorders are unaware until complications appear. In clinical settings, patients often present with symptoms of several cardiovascular disorders, making it essential for you, as the advanced practice nurse, to be able to recognize these symptoms and recommend appropriate drug treatment options. This week, you examine the impact of patient factors that may lead to changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes on patient drug therapy for cardiovascular disorders. You also explore ways to improve drug therapy plans for cardiovascular disorders based on patient factors and overall health needs. Learning Objectives Students will: Analyze the influence of patient factors on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes Analyze the impact of changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes on patient drug therapies Evaluate drug therapy plans for cardiovascular disorders Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders …heart disease remains the No. 1 killer in America; nearly half of all Americans have high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or smoke—some of the leading risk factors for heart disease… —Murphy et al., 2018 Despite the high mortality rates associated with cardiovascular disorders, improved treatment options do exist that can help address those risk factors that afflict the majority of the population today. As an advanced practice nurse, it is your responsibility to recommend appropriate treatment options for patients with cardiovascular disorders. To ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug therapy, advanced practice nurses must consider aspects that might influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes such as medical history, other drugs currently prescribed, and individual patient factors. Reference: Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., Kochanek, K. D., & Arias, E. (2018). Mortality in the United States, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db328.htm To Prepare Review the Resources for this module and consider the impact of potential pharmacotherapeutics for cardiovascular disorders introduced in the media piece. Review the case study assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment. Select one the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior factors. Reflect on how the factor you selected might influence the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Consider how changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy. Think about how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Reflect on whether you would modify the current drug treatment or provide an alternative treatment option for the patient. By Day 7 of Week 2 Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following: Explain how the factor you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient from the case study you were assigned. Describe how changes in the processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy. Be specific and provide examples. Explain how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan and explain why you would make these recommended improvements. Grading Rubric Explain how the factor you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient from the case study you were assigned.–Levels of Achievement: Excellent 23 (23%) – 25 (25%) The response accurately and completely explains in detail how the factor selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient. Good 20 (20%) – 22 (22%) The response provides a basic explanation of how the factor selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient. Fair 18 (18%) – 19 (19%) The response inaccurately or vaguely explains how the factor selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient. Poor 0 (0%) – 17 (17%) The response inaccurately and vaguely explains how the factor selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient, or is missing. Feedback: Describe how changes in the processes might impact the patient‘s recommended drug therapy. Be specific and provide examples.–Levels of Achievement: Excellent 27 (27%) – 30 (30%) The response accurately and completely describes in detail how changes in the processes might impact the patient‘s recommended drug therapy. Accurate, complete, and aligned examples are provided to support the response. Good 24 (24%) – 26 (26%) The response accurately describes how changes in the processes might impact the patient‘s recommended drug therapy. Accurate examples may be provided to support the response. Fair 21 (21%) – 23 (23%) The response inaccurately or vaguely describes how changes in the processes might impact the patient‘s recommended drug therapy. Inaccurate or vague examples are provided to support the response. Poor 0 (0%) – 20 (20%) The response inaccurately and vaguely describes how changes in the processes might impact the patient‘s recommended drug therapy, or is missing. Inaccurate and vague examples may be provided to support the response, or is missing. Feedback: Explain how you might improve the patient‘s drug therapy plan,
[ANSWERED 2022] A 46-year-old female reports pain in both of her ankles, but she is more concerned about her right ankle. She was playing soccer over the weekend and heard a “pop.” She is able to bear weight, but it is uncomfortable
A 46-year-old female reports pain in both of her ankles, but she is more concerned about her right ankle. She was playing soccer over the weekend and heard a “pop.” The body is constantly sending signals about its health. One of the most easily recognized signals is pain. Musculoskeletal conditions comprise one of the leading causes of severe long-term pain in patients. The musculoskeletal system is an elaborate system of interconnected levers that provides the body with support and mobility. Because of the interconnectedness of the musculoskeletal system, identifying the causes of pain can be challenging. Accurately interpreting the cause of musculoskeletal pain requires an assessment process informed by patient history and physical exams. In this Discussion, you will consider case studies that describe abnormal findings in patients seen in a clinical setting. To prepare: Your Discussion post should be in the Episodic/Focused SOAP Note format rather than the traditional narrative style Discussion posting format. Refer to Chapter 2 of the Sullivan text and the Episodic/Focused SOAP Template in the Week 5 Learning Resources for guidance. Remember that all Episodic/Focused SOAP notes have specific data included in every patient case. Review the following case study: Case 1: Back Pain A 42-year-old male reports pain in his lower back for the past month. The pain sometimes radiates to his left leg. In determining the cause of the back pain, based on your knowledge of anatomy, what nerve roots might be involved? How would you test for each of them? What other symptoms need to be explored? What are your differential diagnoses for acute low back pain? Consider the possible origins using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) guidelines as a framework. What physical examination will you perform? What special maneuvers will you perform? Case 2: Ankle Pain A 46-year-old female reports pain in both of her ankles, but she is more concerned about her right ankle. She was playing soccer over the weekend and heard a “pop.” She is able to bear weight, but it is uncomfortable. In determining the cause of the ankle pain, based on your knowledge of anatomy, what foot structures are likely involved? What other symptoms need to be explored? What are your differential diagnoses for ankle pain? What physical examination will you perform? What special maneuvers will you perform? Should you apply the Ottawa ankle rules to determine if you need additional testing? Case 3: Knee Pain A 15-year-old male reports dull pain in both knees. Sometimes one or both knees click, and the patient describes a catching sensation under the patella. In determining the causes of the knee pain, what additional history do you need? What categories can you use to differentiate knee pain? What are your specific differential diagnoses for knee pain? What physical examination will you perform? What anatomic structures are you assessing as part of the physical examination? What special maneuvers will you perform? With regard to the case study you were assigned: Review this week’s Learning Resources, and consider the insights they provide about the case study. Consider what history would be necessary to collect from the patient in the case study you were assigned. Consider what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate to gather more information about the patient’s condition. How would the results be used to make a diagnosis? Identify at least five possible conditions that may be considered in a differential diagnosis for the patient. Post an episodic/focused note about the patient in the case study to which you were assigned using the episodic/focused note template provided in the Week 5 resources. Provide evidence from the literature to support diagnostic tests that would be appropriate for each case. List five different possible conditions for the patient’s differential diagnosis, and justify why you selected each. Rubric Detail Excellent Good Fair Poor Main Posting 45 (45%) – 50 (50%) “Answers all parts of the Discussion question(s) with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources. Supported by at least three current, credible sources. Written clearly and concisely with no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style. 40 (40%) – 44 (44%) “Responds to the Discussion question(s) and is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. At least 75% of post has exceptional depth and breadth. Supported by at least three credible sources. Written clearly and concisely with one or no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style. 35 (35%) – 39 (39%) “Responds to some of the Discussion question(s). One or two criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed. Is somewhat lacking reflection and critical analysis and synthesis. Somewhat represents knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. Post is cited with two credible sources. Written somewhat concisely; may contain more than two spelling or grammatical errors. Contains some APA formatting errors. 0 (0%) – 34 (34%) “Does not respond to the Discussion question(s) adequately. Lacks depth or superficially addresses criteria. Lacks reflection and critical analysis and synthesis. Does not represent knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. Contains only one or no credible sources. Not written clearly or concisely. Contains more than two spelling or grammatical errors. Does not adhere to current APA manual writing rules and style. Main Post: Timeliness 10 (10%) – 10 (10%) Posts main post by Day 3. 0 (0%) – 0 (0%) N/A 0 (0%) – 0 (0%) N/A 0 (0%) – 0 (0%) Does not post main post by Day 3. First Response 17 (17%) – 18 (18%) “Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings. Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources. Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of Learning Objectives. Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed. Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. 15 (15%) – 16 (16%) “Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings. Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. Responses to faculty questions are answered, if
[ANSWERED 2023] In collaboration with the approved course preceptor, students will identify a specific evidence-based topic for the capstone project change proposal
In collaboration with the approved course preceptor, students will identify a specific evidence-based topic for the capstone project change proposal Capstone Topic Summary In collaboration with the approved course preceptor, students will identify a specific evidence-based topic for the capstone project change proposal. Write a 150-250 word summary explaining which category your topic and intervention are under (community or leadership). You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Expert Answer and Explanation Strategies to Reduce Medical Errors in Pediatric Care Many people die in the hospitals yearly due to medical errors, especially in the pediatric care. According to Lawson et al. (2018), providing pre-mature babies too much oxygen as the most common medical error that occur in the pediatric facilities. As a result, this project will focus on discussing strategies that can be used to reduce medical errors in the pediatric center. This project can be categorized as a quality improvement initiative where the hospital operations will be changed and improved in a move to reduce medical errors in the child care facility. The interventions for this problem include improving nurse staffing and training. In nurse staffing, more nurses will be employed in the institution to reduce dissatisfaction and burnout. Nurse burnout is among the factors that can increase the rate of medical errors in care facilities (AbuMustafa & Jaber, 2019). The intervention should be aimed at reducing burnout. Training will improve the nurses’ experience on how to handle the errors in case they occur. References AbuMustafa, A. M., & Jaber, M. (2019). Factor affecting Medical errors Reporting among medical team in Pediatric Hospitals in Gaza governorate. Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences, 2(11), 794-801. http://jmrhs.info/index.php/jmrhs/article/view/131 Lawson, N. D., Shanafelt, T. D., Tawfik, D. S., Morgenthaler, T. I., Satele, D. V., Sinsky, C., … & West, C. P. (2018, November). Burnout is Not Associated With Increased Medical Errors/In Reply. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Vol. 93, No. 11, pp. 1683-1684). Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. DOI:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.08.015 Alternative 2 Category of the Topic This project will study the effects of healthy weight on people with diabetes. The category of this topic is community. The topic has been classified as a community topic because it aims to solve the issue of diabetes, one of the chronic diseases affecting many communities across the world, especially African American people within the US and other people in low income countries. A study by Gummesson, Nyman, Knutsson, and Karpefors (2017) shows that premature mortality from type 2 diabetes rose to 5% between 2000-2016. This statistic show that diabetes is a threat to existence of humanity, and thus health professionals should develop ways to solve the issue. The targeted community in this project is African American community. The community has been targeted because the rate of mortality from the disease is high in the community compared to other ethnic groups in the US (Gummesson et al., 2017). Walking has been proposed as the intervention to help control the disease. Reference Gummesson, A., Nyman, E., Knutsson, M., & Karpefors, M. (2017). Effect of weight reduction on glycated haemoglobin in weight loss trials in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 19(9), 1295-1305. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.12971 Alternative 3 Topic Summary My capstone project aims at reducing the cases of enteric infections among children in the pediatric sector. The topic and intervention to solve the problem fall under a category known as community. The community will be the target population for the project. According to Rogawski McQuade et al. (2020), enteric infections are diseases that enter the body through the mouth. The authors note that some of the enteric infections include diarrheal disease caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Shigella, rotavirus, and other organisms. The intervention to solve the topic is educating parents about handwashing techniques. In the project, the nurses will educate parents with children aged five years and below about strategies they can use to wash their hands to prevent their kids from contracting enteric diseases. Akuffo et al. (2017) note that some techniques include washing hands before eating, visiting the toilet, changing diapers, and getting in contact with contaminated surfaces. References Akuffo, R., Armah, G., Clemens, M., Kronmann, K. C., Jones, A. H., Agbenohevi, P., … & Koram, K. (2017). Prevalence of enteric infections among hospitalized patients in two referral hospitals in Ghana. BMC research notes, 10(1), 292. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13104-017-2621-x Rogawski McQuade, E. T., Platts-Mills, J. A., Gratz, J., Zhang, J., Moulton, L. H., Mutasa, K., … & Humphrey, J. H. (2020). Impact of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on enteric infections in rural Zimbabwe: the Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) Trial. The Journal of infectious diseases, 221(8), 1379-1386. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz179 Alternative 4 Topic Summary A community topic is a topic that discusses issues that affect community members. However, a leadership topic in nursing is a topic that touches on issues that affect healthcare leadership. This capstone project aims to investigate whether educating older patients about falls and fall prevention strategies before and after the incident helps reduce the rate of falls-related cases. This topic can be categorized as a community topic because it aims to reduce falls in a community. In other words, the topic is a community project because, after its implementation, many older patients will have proper knowledge about falls and how they can avoid the issue. This project has focused on falls because this health problem highly threatens people’s optimal health, especially older individuals dwelling in a community setup. One in four US citizens aged 65 years and above falls yearly (National Council on Aging). The organization also reports that the US’s emergency care departments treat an older person for fall every 11 seconds. Also, the institutions record older person mortality due to fall-related complications in every 19 minutes. According to Aryee et al. (2017), falls are the leading causes of severe and non-severe injuries among other people and cause older people’s hospital admissions. The authors estimate that over 2.8 million older adults visit emergency care departments to treat falls-related injuries. The problem