[ANSWERED 2023] Considering the five stakeholders in health care: consumers, providers, payers, suppliers, and regulators – what role can each play in health care quality, and cost containment?
Considering the five stakeholders in health care: consumers, providers, payers, suppliers, and regulators Module 1: Assignment Assignment: Professional Development Considering the five stakeholders in health care: consumers, providers, payers, suppliers, and regulators – what role can each play in health care quality, and cost containment? In your opinion, what health policy has had the greatest impact on health care in the United States? Why? Frame some arguments for or against the policy of mandated minimum staffing ratios in the positive versus normative economic dichotomy. This APA essay will have 1200-1500 words with 4 supporting references. Make certain to include an introduction and conclusion paragraph, along a title and reference page. Expert Answer and Explanation Professional Development Engaging with stakeholders is an essential element in which the organization can attain its success. The organization has to ensure a clear vision obtained from a comprehensive and strategic process of planning and the marketing plan. A healthcare setting that facilitates active engagement can easily translate their needs to meet the industry requirements or otherwise facilitate strategic development. Stakeholder understanding also ads in the identification of a common ground that unifies all the stakeholders with regards to their requirements and needs (Yoo, 2018). Each stakeholder is unique, and their needs might either be dependent on each other or entirely independent. Both external and internal stakeholders have to work together to ensure that they meet the required stipulations and increase the organization’s performance. Internal stakeholders interact with the healthcare facility daily and can ensure that the organization meets all the required thresholds. This consolidation of stakeholder requirements, healthcare organization, consummate affect the overall health and cost of containment. Role of Consumers in Healthcare Quality and Containment Consumers within the healthcare system comprised of the patients and other individuals that need medical services. Patients are required to be treated with the high measure of quality, ensure satisfaction, and guarantee on the various ways in which care will be provided to them while at the facility. For the healthcare facility to attend and meet each patient’s demand, they have first to identify the current trends that are prevailing in facilitating patient outcome and satisfaction (Okeke, Tseng, Piantella, Brown, Kaur, Sterling, & Dell, 2019). Different patients present different medical conditions that required advanced medical expertise and medical equipment to mitigate. Some may also seek medical care with comorbid illnesses that are complex to diagnose and treat. These conditions have an impact on the overall quality of care, as well as the cost of containment. For instance, it becomes costly to handle and offer continuous quality care to a patient with multiple illnesses without proper finances. Role of Providers in Healthcare Quality and Containment Health care providers constitute the internal stakeholders as they comprise the administration, nurses, and doctors required to attend to patient needs. A healthcare facility has to ensure that they provide high-quality care that meets the demands of the patient. The facility also needs to abide by industry standards. The quality of care is dependent on the ability of the providers to guarantee their effectiveness (Bastian, Munoz, & Ventura, 2016). This construct defines the role in which the providers can ensure high-quality care and cost containment. One way to facilitate quality care is by hiring quality personnel to oversee the facility’s operations. Quality nurses and doctors reflect the potential to deliver quality care. Health care providers can also ensure that there is sufficient and high-quality technology in line with industry-specific needs. Through the use of the electronic records system, the facility can ensure that the services provided are of high quality (Okeke et al., 2019). These two services may have a first implication on the cost. The provision of high-quality care will help with cost containment by offering a useful positive healthcare image and an increased number of patients. Providers also facilitate the issue of quality in healthcare by adopting the standard and acceptable models of practice, such as the use of EBP, which inform the best treatment options and create policies. Role of Payers in Healthcare Quality and Containment Health care payers include insurance companies, employers, the government, and the out-of-pocket payment model. These alternatives have a role to play when it comes to ascertaining the nature of care and the overall cost containment. To begin with, the insurance company act as an intermediary between the patient and the healthcare facility. With the insurance in place, the patient is guaranteed access to quality care without considering the financial implication. For instance, Medicare and Medicaid offer financial aid to elderly patients within the United States, helping them acquire medical care that is of high quality and specific to their specific needs. Insurance agencies also create measures that limit the charges that the healthcare organization charge on specific service provisions (Bastian, Munoz, & Ventura, 2016). The agencies also limit the amount that the organization can charge a patient in a single hospital visit creating a measure against cost containment. Secondly, the government also has direct impacts on the quality of care as well as cost containment. The government is the principal financier for public hospitals and other government-owned insurance covers. In this manner, the government, either state or federal, can ensure that the public healthcare facilities are well equipped and create policies that dictate the aspect of care that can provide to patients (Bastian, Munoz, & Ventura, 2016). Similarly, it also offers the same services as the private insurance companies but allows the beneficiaries to afford the provide healthcare services. On the other hand, out-of-pocket payment is also a viable payment option, but people with low income may hinder the affordability of quality services. Role of Suppliers in Healthcare Quality and Containment The quality of healthcare performance can establish the supplier able to provide quality equipment and medication. Suppliers also play a critical role in ensuring the provision of quality care within an organization. First, suppliers of medicines can ensure that the drug is delivered on time and meet s the standards required by the market’s
[ANSWERED 2023] Imagine a clinical scenario and analyze the complements using the Foundation of Knowledge Model. How did you acquire knowledge? How did you process knowledge?
Imagine a clinical scenario and analyze the complements using the Foundation of Knowledge Model. Module 1: Assignment Assignment: Based on what you have learned so far this week, create a PowerPoint presentation with 1-2 minutes of speaker notes for each slide that addresses each of the following points/questions. Be sure to completely answer all the questions for each bullet point. Use clear headings that allow your professor to know which bullet you are addressing on the slides in your presentation. Support your content with at least four (4) citations throughout your presentation. Make sure to reference the citations using the APA writing style for the presentation. Include a slide for your references at the end. Follow best practices for PowerPoint presentations related to text size, color, images, effects, wordiness, and multimedia enhancements which is located in the Resources tab. Title Slide (1 slide) Imagine a clinical scenario and analyze the complements using the Foundation of Knowledge Model. How did you acquire knowledge? How did you process knowledge? How you generate knowledge? How did you disseminate knowledge? How did you use feedback and what was the effect of feedback on the foundation of your knowledge? (4 slides) How would you describe cognitive informatics (CI)? Reflect on a plan of care that you have developed for a patient. How could cognitive informatics be used to create tools to help with this important work? (2-3 slides) Take the self-assessment test on computer competencies offered at this URL: http://www.nursing-informatics.com/niassess/plan.html. How did you score? What are your areas of strengths and weaknesses related to computer competencies? (2-3 slides) References (1 slide) Expert Answer and Explanation Acquiring knowledge is nursing practice is supposed to be a continuous process. This is to facilitate the delivery of the best care to patients. according to McGonigle and Mastrian (2017) nurses are knowledge acquirers. This means that nurses are supposed to look for efficient ways of capturing and storing knowledge. The more knowledge one can acquire, the more informed their decisions will be. In my clinical scenario, I was able to acquire knowledge using the following ways: The first was through observation – I was able to observe what other experienced nurses were doing and through their actions, I was able to acquire knowledge of how best to handle the patient whom I was tending to I was also able to acquire knowledge by reviewing evidence-based research on how best to handle the clinical situation I was handling. Learning from my peers was another strategy I used to acquire knowledge. Through discussions and sharing information, I was able to get a better grasp of the clinical situation. Knowledge processing involves accessing the acquired knowledge and considering how it can be applied in the clinical setup (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017). In my clinical scenario, I was able to assess and diagnose the condition faced by the patient. From there I was able to relate the symptoms with the knowledge I had previously acquired from which was able to relate the symptoms displayed by the patient with possible health conditions and the suitable plan of care that could be applied to assist the patient recover. According to McGonigle and Mastrian (2017), knowledge generation can be termed as the process of creating new knowledge from experience gained and through education. Initially, the clinical situation was posing challenges for me based on my limited knowledge of how best to handle the patient’s condition. However, I was able to apply the previously acquired knowledge and from it, came up with new methods of dealing with the situation. I can therefore say that I was able to generate new knowledge that can be applied in similar scenarios going forward. Linking up the new knowledge acquired and applying it into clinical practice Knowledge dissemination can be termed as the process of distributing the generated knowledge so that others can also learn from it. In nursing practice, dissemination of knowledge facilitates the advancement of nursing practice. There are various ways to disseminate knowledge including publishing it, applying it so that others can observe from the application, sharing the knowledge in meetings, to list a few (Wilke et al., 2018). In my clinical scenario, I was able to disseminate the newly generated knowledge by sharing it with my peers and applying the same in other situations so that others can also learn from it. I was also able to disseminate the knowledge by sharing it in nursing briefs and training sessions Cognitive informatics is a concept that is coined by borrowing knowledge from different fields. From its name, it can be said that it is a field that combines cognitive science, which is known as a field of study that analyzes the modeling and complexity of the human brain and how it functions (Laird, Lebiere & Rosenbloom, 2017). It also borrows knowledge from informatics, which is a field that entails the collection and processing of information using technology and technology systems Therefore, according to McGonigle and Mastrian (2017), cognitive informatics is an interdisciplinary field that aims to understand how information is processed in the computer. Cognitive informatics as captured by McGonigle and Mastrian, (2017) has various applications in nursing practice. One of its applications is the development of effective and efficient health care systems. Such systems can play an instrumental role in improving nursing efficiency when delivering care to patients. Another use of cognitive informatics is that it can be used to understand how humans interact with health care technology Cognitive informatics can also be used to predict the nature of clinical activities which can be used to develop and improve clinical interventions. After taking the self-assessment test, I obtained a score of 91, which falls under the “very confident” scale that ranges from 87 to 100. People belonging to this scale are very confident in their abilities to apply technology to perform routine functions and increase their creativity when working. Such people also appreciate the unique value of information technology in conducting day to day activities. In general, it
[ANSWERED 2023] Apply Guidos MORAL model to resolve the dilemma presented in the case study described in EXERCISE 4–3 (Guido textbook). How might the nurses in this
Apply Guidos MORAL model to resolve the dilemma presented Start by reading and following these instructions: Quickly skim the questions or assignment below and the assignment rubric to help you focus. Read the required chapter(s) of the textbook and any additional recommended resources. Some answers may require you to do additional research on the Internet or in other reference sources. Choose your sources carefully. Consider thecoursediscussions so far and any insights gained from it. Create your Assignment submission and be sure to cite your sources if needed, use APA style as required, and check your spelling. Assignment: Complete both case studies: Apply Guidos MORAL model to resolve the dilemma presented in the case study described in EXERCISE 4–3 (Guido textbook). How might the nurses in this scenario respond to the physician’s request? How would this scenario begin to cause moral distress among thenursingstaff, and what are the positive actions that the nurses might begin to take to prevent moral distress? 2. Read the case study entitled You be the Ethicist, presented at the end of Chapter 3 (Guido textbook). What are the compelling rights that this case addresses? Whose rights should take precedence? Does a child (specifically this competent 14-year-old) have the right to determine what will happen to him? Should he ethically have this right? How would you have decided the outcome if his disease state had not intervened? Now, examine the scenario from the perspective of health care policy. How would you begin to evaluate the need for the policy and the possible support or lack of support for the policy from your peers, nursing management, and others who might be affected by the policy? Do the 10 framework questions outlined by Malone in chapter 4 (Guido textbook) assist in this process? Create a process proposal for the organization with possible guidelines, procedures, and policies to address the issues you have identified. REQUIRED SOURCES: Guido, G. W. (2014). Legal and ethical issues in nursing (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. (Chapter 3 and 4) Pozgar, G. D. (2013). Legal and ethical issues for health professionals (3rd ed.). Boston: Jones and Bartlett. (Chapter 1 and 4) Expert Answer and Explanation Ethical and Legal Issues in Nursing Professionals in nursing get faced with several ethical and legal issues in the course of carrying out their practice. Nurses experience different kinds of stress in their practice environment when dealing with different medical circumstances. Moral distress is a situation that occurs when a nurse gets confronted with two conflicting principles of ethics. For example, deciding between acting upon the patient’s wishes and what the nurse knows to be the best thing to do for the patient. This paper aims to discuss the ethical dilemmas with regard to moral distress and determination of rights. Case Study; Exercise 4-3 Nurses’ Response to the Physician’s Request In responding to the request of the physicians to the nurses for them to talk to the family of the patient about the transfer of the patient to another facility. The nurses are bound to experience uncertainty in their morals in which they are unsure about what the right course of action is based on the sentiments of the family and the patient’s medical history. The patient’s condition seems hopeless to the extent that she no longer recognizes family who as such, intended to stop visiting her. However, the nurses can follow the instructions of the physician, but the final decision gets made by the family since the patient lacks capacity. Link to Moral Distress among the Nursing Staff The nursing staff in the scenario would begin experiencing initial moral distress based on the fact that the physician and the family of the patient have different opinions of what should be done and the burden lies on the nurses to decide whose instructions to follow. The family of the patient have voiced their concerns on what the patient would have wanted with regard to the use of the ventilator support, which, according to them, the patient would never have accepted. Trying to convince the family to transfer the patient for advanced treatment with instructions from her primary physician would cause significant distress to the nursing staff because they would be caught between what the patient’s family want and what the physician thinks is right for the patient (Campbell et al., 2018). The physician has his reasons just like the patient’s family do, and as such, trying to convince the family otherwise would be a stressful task for the nurses. Positive Actions that the Nurses Might Begin to Take to Prevent Moral Distress Medical studies present several actions that the nurses in this kind of stressful scenarios can begin taking in a bid to manage moral distress. They may start by voicing their ethical concerns, which is something that should be allowed in their practice environment as this will allow them to cope better with such situations in future thus minimize the possibility of them experiencing moral distress (Guido, 2014). Raising their ethical concerns will help them to cope better with situations when they experience moral distress. The orientation programs for new nursing employees should include use of experts in ethics to provide them with information concerning moral distress to be discussed in settings that are neutral to educate them on identifying, understanding as well as making use of the available resources in the organization to prevent moral distress. Some of these resources may include making use of the services for counselling to help them understand what moral distress entails and how to manage it in the course of their practice (Lachman, 2016). The nurses can also begin by asking the healthcare organization to provide intervention programs for nurses to help them reduce moral distress. Case Study, You Be the Ethicist; Chapter 3 Compelling Rights Addressed by this Case This case addresses some rights that are compelling, with the most significant being the right to refuse treatment. After the nurses and physicians have exercised veracity by telling the patient the whole truth about his condition, then providing options for treatment and the expected outcomes, the patient is
[ANSWERED 2023] Each week contribute 150-200 words 1250-2,000 words total) to reflect and journal the professional practice, skills, and responses used in approaching or achieving the course
Each week contribute 150-200 words 1250-2,000 words total) to reflect and journal the professional Reflective Journal Learners must maintain a reflective journal integrating self-reflection and inquiry demonstrated in the current Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) course. General Requirements: Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment: Download the \”Reflective Journal Template,\” located in the DNP PI Workspace, for submission. A minimum of three peer-reviewed references published within the last 5 years is required. Doctoral learners are required to use the current APA style for their essay writing assignments. The current APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center. This assignment uses a rubric. Review the rubric before beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Course Materials if you need assistance. Directions: Each week contribute 150-200 words 1250-2,000 words total) to reflect and journal the professional practice, skills, and responses used in approaching or achieving the course objectives in the course syllabus and the AACN Essentials Doctoral Education of Advanced Practice (2006). Describe examples of your accomplishments or challenges experienced while taking the course. Align at least three of the AACN DNP Essentials to these experiences as provided in the \”Reflective Journal Template.\” Discuss additional resources discovered and new abilities that have influenced more optimal learning outcomes in the course. Lastly, describe and conclude how the competencies were approached or accomplished in this course. In addition to personal reflections about the course, the journal must reflect on at least three of the following AACN DNP Essentials: Essential I: Scientific Underpinnings for Practice Essential III: Clinical Scholarship and Analytical Methods for Evidence-Based Practice Essential IV: Information Systems/Technology and Patient Care Technology for the Improvement and Transformation of Health Care Essential V: Health Care Policy for Advocacy in Health Care Essential VI: Interprofessional Collaboration for Improving Patient and Population Health Outcomes Essential VII: Clinical Prevention and Population Health for Improving the Nation\’s Health Essential VIII: Advanced Nursing Practice Submit your reflective journal to both the course faculty using the course assignment dropbox and upload it into the Typhon Tracking System under the corresponding course section at the end of the course. Learners must submit this deliverable in Typhon and the LMS. Failure to submit in both locations can result in an Incomplete for the course. Expert Answer and Explanation Reflection The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) published the essentials of Doctoral Education for Advanced Nursing Practice last in 2006 (AACN, 2011). The essentials address the core foundational competencies in all ANP roles. However, the focus and depth of the essentials depend on the nursing role a student has partaken in. For instance, a student-focused on nursing leadership would improve their knowledge in systems and organizational leadership. DNP graduates should always reflect and document the essentials they have achieved in the course of their learning. The purpose of this assignment is to describe the essentials and reflect on how the course has helped achieve them. Achievements and Challenges I have achieved a lot since I started the course. One of the skills I have achieved in designing and evaluating quality improvement practices that can improve the target population’s health. Newman (2017) notes that the overall quality improvement in healthcare settings can improve the reliability and cost-effectiveness of healthcare delivery systems, thus enhancing patient outcomes. In my prospectus, I focused on improving the health of patients with diabetes and are obese. A study by Ahmed et al. (2017) showed that the readmission rate is high among patients with diabetes and are obese. Hence, my program aimed to help the patients improve their body weight and reduce readmission rates and other comorbidities related to obesity. I also improved my leadership skills during the course. The skills helped me design and advocate for various policies that impact the health of patients. I improved my communication skills which can help me further advocate for care policies. Thelen (2020) reports that communication is essential when it comes to policy advocacy. The author argues that nursing leaders should have proper communication skills to effectively communicate their policies to stakeholders. Another accomplishment is using nursing theories in improving patient care. I have learned various nursing theories that have improved my theoretical knowledge in nursing care. I learned that environment is a vital aspect of nursing care, and thus nurses should always ensure that healthcare settings contribute to the betterment of the patient health. Lastly, I have also accomplished much when it comes to the development and evaluation of research methodologies. I developed a research methodology for my DNP prospectus draft, which has improved my research methods knowledge. However, I also experienced challenges during the course. The main was analyzing data using SPSS. As a DNP graduate, I am supposed to know to analyze data using technological instruments. However, I found it so challenging to analyze data using SPSS. Another challenge was finding the right sources for my literature review. Resources Discovered and New Abilities I discovered various resources that I can use to improve patient care. One of the resources was the American Nursing Association. The ANA always publishes various resources that can be useful to nurses in the research and ANP sectors. The CDC is another vital resource I discovered in the course. It publishes resources about various diseases and innervations and can be vital for ANPs. AACN Essentials for DNP Essential 1: Scientific Underpinnings for Practice According to AACN (2011), the DNP program should apply terminal academic activities to prepare students for nursing practice. After the program, a nurse should know the laws and principles governing the well-being, life process, and optimal functioning of a human being when sick or well. The nurse should also know the nursing processes or actions used to positively affect changes in their health status after completing the program. I achieved this essential by learning various nursing theories that I would use to explain the functioning of human beings in either a healthy or sick state. One of the theories I have learned in the course is Environmental Theory by Florence Nightingale. According to
[ANSWERED 2022] Historians use different analytical methods to make sense of the past. Some focus on social and economic issues, such as class conflict or who profits from a particular policy choice
Historians use different analytical methods to make sense of the past. Some focus on social Debating the Annexation of the Philippines Historians use different analytical methods to make sense of the past. Some focus on social and economic issues, such as class conflict or who profits from a particular policy choice. Other historians focus more on culture to understand how ideas, values, and beliefs have shaped the actions of historical figures. For this assignment, we will examine how different analytical methods result in contrasting explanations for why the United States annexed and retained the Philippines following the defeat of Spain in 1898. For this exercise you have two tasks: Part 1: Compare the two secondary sources on why the United States annexed the Philippines. Part 2: Using primary sources, evaluate the arguments of the two secondary sources. Part 1: Comparing Secondary Sources Two secondary sources from different analytical perspectives are included below. In Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919, Nell Irvin Painter of Princeton University weaves together economic and foreign-policy concerns with the lives of ordinary Americans to explain the annexation of the Philippines. Kristin L. Hoganson of the University of Illinois, a gender historian, explores the question of why the United States annexed the Philippines in Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars. While both works contain elements of economic and cultural history, each historian emphasizes a particular analytical methodology. Compare the views of these two scholars by answering the following questions. Be sure to find specific examples in the selections to support your answers. According to each author, what problems in society did supporters of annexation think American control of the Philippines would solve? Which author focuses on economic explanations, and which author focuses on cultural explanations, to explain imperialist support for annexation? Do you think the authors’ arguments are contradictory or complementary? In other words, can they both be correct? Secondary Source 1 Nell Irvin Painter, “The White Man’s Burden” (1989) The foreign markets explanation sought the cause of depressions not in currency, distribution of wealth, or monopoly. The culprit, it seemed, was agricultural and industrial overproduction. Americans produced too much, it was said; it seemed to matter little that during the recent hard times thousands had run out of the very foodstuffs and manufactured goods reputedly overproduced. What was needed were new markets, especially in Asia, especially in the most populous country in the world, China. . . . While foreign markets had beckoned American businessmen for decades, this more urgent quest included the novel expectation that the government of the United States should play an active part in fostering exports. The Philippine Islands—like Hawaii—represented the perfect stepping-stones to China, stops along the way where coal burning ships bound for Asia could refuel. Expansionists saw the islands as the opportunity of the century. Manila might become an American version of Hong Kong, the British market city that tapped the markets and produce of South China. . . . For many Americans, expansion was the inevitable result of the machine age that had already filled up the continental United States and now seemed to demand the raw materials and foreign markets that overseas colonies promised. The vision of factories fuming nonstop and workers employed without interruption made this economic argument for annexation straightforward and persuasive. Source: Painter, Nell Irvin. Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989. 146–147. Secondary Source 2 Kristin L. Hoganson, “The National Manhood Metaphor” (1998) Whether they imagined the Filipinos as savages, children, or feminine figures, imperialists regarded them as a means for American men to develop their ability to govern. One adherent of imperialism summed up this belief when he averred that “the necessities involved in the unexpected annexation of strange dependencies will call forth the governing faculty.” The savage, childlike, and feminine stereotypes appealed to imperialists because they not only suggested the Filipinos’ incapacity for self-government, but also enabled imperialists to cast themselves as civilizers and authoritative heads of household—that is, as men who wielded power. Heedful of British imperialists’ claims that empire made men and interpreting colonial endeavors as unparalleled challenges, imperialists looked to the Philippines to turn white, middle- and upper-class American men into what they considered to be ideal citizens—physically powerful men who would govern unmanly subordinates with a firm hand, men accustomed to wielding authority, men who had overcome the threat of degeneracy. . . . In response to the accusations that their Philippine policies violated the nation’s deepest convictions, imperialists brandished a national manhood metaphor. The youthful republic had become an adult, they declared, and should assume the responsibilities of a mature man. Rather than dwelling on its childish past, the nation should manfully shoulder its new obligations. . . . . Imperialists implied that failing to assume responsibility for dependents would reveal an unwillingness to advance from childlike dependency to paternalistic power. In short, it would reveal a lack of manhood in the nation. Source: Hoganson, Kristin L. Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine- American Wars. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. 155, 157. Part 2: Using Primary Sources to Evaluate Secondary Sources When historians are faced with competing interpretations of the past, they often look at primary source material to help evaluate the different arguments. Four speeches follow, each by an American politician who supported U.S. annexation and rule over the Philippines. The first is from President William McKinley’s State of the Union speech following U.S. annexation of the Philippines and the start of the Philippine-American War. The second is from Henry Cabot Lodge, a Republican senator from Massachusetts who was a leading supporter of American imperialism. The third speech is from Albert Beveridge, senator from Indiana, who supported Lodge’s imperialist policies. And the last speech, from Vice President Theodore Roosevelt, was delivered twelve days prior to assuming the presidency following McKinley’s death. While these four politicians offer very different justifications for American annexation and rule over the Philippines, they were all
[ANSWERED 2023] Mrs. Cason brings her 10-year-old child to the clinic stating my son “just isn’t breathing right, he doesn’t want to play, he just sits on my lap or lays on the couch, and this happens all the time
Mrs. Cason brings her 10-year-old child to the clinic stating my son “just isn’t breathing Case Study Mrs. Cason brings her 10-year-old child to the clinic stating my son “just isn’t breathing right, he doesn’t want to play, he just sits on my lap or lays on the couch, and this happens all the time.” Appearance of both mother and child is disheveled. The child’s wheezing can be heard across the room. When asked if her son is better at any certain time of the day the mother responds: “It’s like this all the time and has been for the past year, we just don’t come to the doctor because we don’t have any money.” Mrs. Cason’s son was diagnosed of asthma. 1. Discuss short and long term treatment options for this child, inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonists. Include rationale for your recommendations. 2.What is your educational plan for the child? Expert Answer and Explanation Case Study: Asthma Short and Long Term Treatment Options Mrs. Carson’s son is a case of newly diagnosed asthma. The child is visibly stabl12q12qe and without signs of acute exacerbations. However, he has had longstanding respiratory distress and has an audible wheeze. The initial management of the patient will revolve around the alleviation of symptoms and relief of the suffering due to the distress. White et al. (2018) recommends provision of short-acting beta-adrenergic agonist (SABA), more commonly salbutamol inhalation via a nebulizer, to enhance bronchodilation and provide relief to the patient. After that, the performance of spirometry is recommended once the patient has stabilized as subsequent management relies on the knowledge of the lung functionality (Mendes & Palmer, 2018; Horak et al., 2016). Mrs. Carson’s son will, therefore, be put after that on maintenance therapy with low dose pediatric inhaled corticosteroids. Provision of corticosteroids follows on the same guidelines, GINA (2015), which recommends provision of the same to children with SABA unresponsive asthma or those with asthma-related symptoms for more than three times a week. The latter provision fits the patient in this case. As regards the long term therapy, the patient will be put on long-acting inhaled corticosteroids to modify the course of the disease (Ballas, 2018). However, reviews should be done monthly to assess the improvement in lung function as well as look out for the adverse effects of prolonged steroid use (Ballas, 2018). Patient Education Involves the following: Informing the child and the mother that the condition warrants long term therapy. Explaining to them the correct use and disposing of the nebulizers to maximize therapeutic benefits. Describing to them the mechanism of control and measures to do so when the condition deteriorates. Talking to them about the importance of avoiding allergens. References Ballas, Z. K. (2018). Asthma clinical practice guidelines: Time for an update. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 142(3), 787. Horak, F., Doberer, D., Eber, E., Horak, E., Pohl, W., Riedler, J., … & Studnicka, M. (2016). Diagnosis and management of asthma–Statement on the 2015 GINA Guidelines. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 128(15-16), 541-554. Mendes, A., & Palmer, S. J. (2018). NICE overhauls asthma management and treatment recommendations. White, J., Paton, J. Y., Niven, R., & Pinnock, H. (2018). Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma: a look at the key differences between BTS/SIGN and NICE. Thorax, 73(3), 293-297. 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Ear infections: Enlarged adenoids can also block the Eustachian tubes, which connect the middle ear to the back of the throat. This can lead to fluid buildup in the middle ear, increasing the risk of ear infections. Speech and language problems: Enlarged adenoids can affect the resonance of the voice and lead to speech problems, such as hypernasal speech. Facial abnormalities: In rare cases, severe and prolonged adenoid hypertrophy can cause facial abnormalities, such as long, narrow facial structure or open-mouth posture. Malnutrition: In children, enlarged adenoids can lead to malnutrition because they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods and may prefer soft, easy-to-swallow foods. Dental problems: Enlarged adenoids can cause changes in the position of the teeth and jaw, leading to dental problems such as malocclusion or misaligned teeth. If you or your child are experiencing any of these complications, it’s important to see an ENT specialist for evaluation and treatment. Treatment may include medication, surgery, or a
[ANSWERED] A 35-year-old comes to the clinic. He states, “It’s getting close to allergy season and I need something to keep me from getting sick
A 35-year-old comes to the clinic. He states, “It’s getting close to allergy season and I need A 35-year-old comes to the clinic. He states, “It’s getting close to allergy season and I need something to keep me from getting sick. Last year the doc gave me a shot, a spray, some pills, and an inhaler. They worked really well but I don’t remember what they were. Can I have those things again? I just can’t afford to miss work.” Please answer the following questions in a narrative format: 1–Discuss the epidemiology of allergies. 2—What are your treatment options (consider pharmacoeconomic)? Compare first and second-generation antihistamines. 3– What education will you provide to the patient? Expert Answer and Explanation Allergies Epidemiology of Allergies Epidemiology can be defined as the branch of medicine that studies diseases by identifying their distribution, risk factors, and possible control measures. According to a study done by Öçal, Muluk, and Mullol (2020), allergies affect more than 45% of school-aged people in the US. One of the most popular allergic diseases is allergic rhinitis. This disease affected more than 30% of the population across the globe as of 2018 (Öçal et al., 2020). The authors report that the allergy is caused by Immunoglobin E antibodies (IgE). When the body releases IgE at a higher rate, the antibodies with target the immune system and causes a reaction that produces chemicals that lead to an allergic reaction. The second most popular allergic condition is drug allergy. The research by Namysłowski et al. (2018) shows that one out of 10 people in the US is likely to suffer drug allergy. The rate of drug allergy is high in hospitalized patients. This disease accounts for about 1 in every 5 anaphylactic deaths. The risk factors of this allergy include the current health conditions of the population, the type of medication, and genetic factors. People with Acetylator status and HLA type genetic factors risk contracting drug allergy. The duration of drug administration and dose are also risk factors of the allergy. The last type of allergy is a food allergy. This disease has affected more than 40,000 children and 8% of adults in the US. The most common food allergy is caused by peanut, followed by milk (Chong & Chew, 2018). Other foods, such as eggs, tree nuts, soy, eggs, shellfish, fish, and grains with gluten, also cause food allergy. Treatment Options of Allergies This patient can be prescribed antihistamines to help fight the chemicals released during an allergic reaction. Tan, Sugita, and Akdis (2016) antihistamines can be used to relieve pain caused by different forms of allergies. The patient should be prescribed second-generation antihistamines. The second-generation antihistamines are appropriate in this situation because they are less central and can be used as antiallergic medications. However, H1antihistamines have central effects on the human body and can be used as sedatives to reduce pain. Over-the-counter antihistamine that should be considered in this situation is Zyrtec. This medication works faster and is also affordable compared to others. Allegra (fexofenadine), desloratadine (Clarinex), loratadine (Alavert) or Claritin can be used as alternative medications. Education Provided to the Patient First, the patient should be educated on how to avoid an allergic reaction. He can do this by trying to try as much as possible to avoid the allergic stimulus that can be avoidable. For instance, if the patient is allergic to dust, he or she should try hard to avoid dust. The second educational competency should focus on educating the patient about the names of the over-the-counter medications he can buy in case he is far from the medical facility (Farrokhi et al., 2017). The patient has visited the facility because he does not remember the medications; he was previously prescribed. Lastly, the patient can be educated about the medication schedule. The competency of this education program is to ensure that the patient maintains the medication schedule. References Chong, S. N., & Chew, F. T. (2018). Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and associated risk factors in Asia. World Allergy Organization Journal, 11(1), 17. https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40413-018-0198-z?optIn=false Farrokhi, S., Abbasirad, N., Movahed, A., Khazaei, H. A., Pishjoo, M., & Rezaei, N. (2017). TLR9-based immunotherapy for the treatment of allergic diseases. Immunotherapy, 9(4), 339-346. https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/full/10.2217/imt-2016-0104 Namysłowski, A., Samoliński, B. K., Lipiec, A., Zieliński, W., Sybilski, A. J., Walkiewicz, A., … & Raciborski, F. (2018). The importance of specific IgE antibodies in epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma–the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) survey: part one. Influence of allergy risk factors on concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postȩpy Dermatologii i Alergologii, 35(5), 520. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6232542/ Öçal, R., Muluk, N. B., & Mullol, J. (2020). Epidemiology of Allergic Rhinitis. In All Around the Nose (pp. 297-301). Springer, Cham. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-21217-9_33 Tan, H. T. T., Sugita, K., & Akdis, C. A. (2016). Novel biologicals for the treatment of allergic diseases and asthma. Current allergy and asthma reports, 16(10), 70. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11882-016-0650-5 Alternative Answer Epidemiology of Allergies Allergic reactions can worsen one’s health, and in the United States (U.S.), patients with some medical conditions including asthma can experience worsened health status following exposure to the allergies. These allergies are prevalent across the U.S., and their level of prevalence differ across different demographic populations. Allergic rhinitis, is one of these allergies, and it affects 7.8% of the U.S.’s population. Still, a close to 10% of the global population is likely to experience allergic reactions related to the use of certain drugs (Mathur & Viswanathan, 2014). In children and adolescents, 8% of cases involving food allergy occur in this group. Pharmacological interventions can help the 35-year-old patient. Recommending a prednisone medication to this patient can help reduce his risk of experiencing asthmatic attacks which occur because of the allergies. This medication is a cheaper alternative, and the patient may not have difficulty purchasing it. The patient can take the medication in different dosages depending on number of times they want to take the medication a day. Caregivers can recommend either first or
[ANSWERED 2023] Understanding and applying psychology in one’s everyday life can have numerous benefits and is often the basis of research that is conducted in this field
Understanding and applying psychology in one’s everyday life can have numerous Understanding and applying psychology in one’s everyday life can have numerous benefits and is often the basis of research that is conducted in this field. In this assignment, you will write an essay requiring you to employ critical thinking as you contemplate the science of psychology. You will write this essay from the perspective of a potential first-time researcher. Pretend you are pondering conducting research into the psychological aspects of a specific human behavior you have seen demonstrated in your everyday life (may be personal or work-related). First, you should start with an introduction that allows the readers to fully understand your intent and the main points of the research you are contemplating. Be sure to identify your research question (e.g. Why do we yawn when we see someone else yawn?) Next, include the following elements of your intended research: describe your vision of the research experiment, explain research methods that could be used to describe the behavior in your research experiment, and indicate the ethical guidelines you must follow while conducting research involving people. Finally, in your own words, identify the basic ideas behind early approaches in psychology that may influence your research. Your essay will be a minimum of two pages in length, double-spaced, and in Times New Roman 12 pt. font. Include your name and course at the top of the first page of your essay. APA Style will not be required for this assignment. However, keep in mind that when directly quoted or paraphrased works of others are used in any manner, the writer is obligated to properly cite the source of the original narrative. You should become familiar with citing sources, as you will be graded on proper APA citation and reference formatting later in this course, and throughout your future academic endeavors. Click here for a tutorial on writing an effective essay. A transcript for the tutorial is provided in the Notes section of the presentation. Expert Answer and Explanation Why People Look Up When Thinking Understanding the intent of different human behavior is an interesting aspect that many psychologists engage in on a daily basis. Some of the seemingly common behaviors may be done subconsciously but may have an underlying motivation behind them. This research will aim at determining the reason why people look up when thinking. People elicit different behaviors under different circumstances. For human beings, most of the physical action we take correspond to some psychological features. It may be something that we are cultured to or aping out a certain behavior that we have witnessed from those around us. However, other than the known assumptions, in the field of psychology we have to ask ourselves, might there be a deeper meaning to those actions (Halevy, Kreps & De Dreu, 2019). The behavior of people looking up when thinking can be viewed from different perspectives. The process of thinking is usually attached to concentration when people look up, it may be considered as a behavior that assists them to channel their concentration towards thinking. The visual system of a human is known to correspond to its surroundings with any changes to the surrounding being interpreted by the brain. Therefore, the more the information unrelated to the subject being thought about being processed by the brain at any given moment, the lower the level of concentration. By looking up, the number of distractions or secondary information being processed may be fewer, thereby, boosting the level of concentration (Hutchison, 2018). From a philosophical perspective, looking up may have a spiritual connotation to it. Looking up might be a form tapping to the spiritual realm for guidance into the decision-making process. Vision for the research However, to better understand this issue in a more in-depth perspective, research ought to be done. This research will be conducted on a population obtained from the general public. The research will involve asking the participant to answer written questions that will demand some critical thinking to be applied. Then, observations will be made on the reactions of the participants while in deep thought. the research will then ask the participants why they behaved in a certain manner while thinking, especially for participants who look up during the though process. Research methods to be used The research methods used in the study will include random sampling to select the sample, and observation method to collect the data. Finally, the data will be analyzed using thematic analysis, where the collected data will be arranged on themes based on the reasons given by the participants. Given the mentioned methods, the research will therefore be qualitative (Boswell & Cannon, 2018). Ethical considerations For any research, ethical considerations are part and parcel of ensuring that the research adheres to the recommended standards and that the participants are protected from any harm that may result from the research process (Doody & Noonan, 2016). In a research that has human participants, it is of great importance to seek consent from the participants. The participants need to be aware of what the research entails and any potential harm that may result as a consequence of participating in the research. It is from that point that the participant needs to give their approval to participate in the research. Doody and Noonan, (2016), also asserts the importance of protecting the participants’ confidentiality as being part of the ethical guidelines to adhere to when conducting research involving human subjects. Influence of early approaches in psychology in the research In the research to be conducted, the early psychological approaches of introspection will be helpful in defining some of the behaviors elicited by the research participants. Introspection as indicated by Wilhelm Wundt, a renown psychology expert, allows one to inquire what is the motivation behind different actions showed by people. I therefore think that introspection will be helpful in explaining why people look up when thinking. References Boswell, C., & Cannon, S. (2018). Introduction to nursing research. Jones & Bartlett Learning. Doody,
[ANSWERED 2023] How can firms ensure that their code of business ethics is read, understood, believed, remembered, and acted on rather than ignored?
How can firms ensure that their code of business ethics is read, understood, believed Assignment TWO: 1.How can firms ensure that their code of business ethics is read, understood, believed, remembered, and acted on rather than ignored? Your response should be 75 words in length. 2. Discuss bribery. Would actions, such as politicians adding earmarks in legislation or pharmaceutical salespersons giving away drugs to physicians, constitute bribery? Identify three business activities that would constitute bribery and three actions that would not. Your response should be 75 words in length. 3. If you owned a small business, would you develop a code of business conduct? If yes, what variables would you include? If not, how would you ensure that your employees were following ethical business standards? Your response should be 75 words in length. 4. Why is it important not to view the concept of “whistleblowing” as “tattling” or “ratting” on another employee? Your response should be 75 words in length. 5. What do you feel is the relationship between personal ethics and business ethics? Are they or should they be the same? EXPERT ANSWER AND EXPLANATION Analysis of Code of Business Ethics Question 1: Ensuring the Code of Business Ethics is understood and acted on An organization can adopt various measures focused on ensuring that its employees understand, believe, remember and act on the code of business ethics. Creating awareness about the code of ethics and the benefit of this code, for instance, can help the staff know how to behave. The organization can carry the awareness campaign by giving employees the copies of the code of ethics or even positing the same on the notice boards of the different departments within the organization. It can also integrate these codes into the job training, and administer exams to test whether the employees understand the codes. Question 2: Bribery and Bribery Examples Bribery is an illegal practice or an act in which one solicits, gives, promises or offers a favor or money so that they can be favored by others who are either enforcing laws, or offering business deals. Such san act, therefore, lead to one having unfair advantage over others. Examples of such an act is one offering to give another person a certain amount of money if the individual awards them a business contract. Other examples include giving a judge money to rule in one’s favor, and a border official accepting money to allow one to illegally enter into a country (Vranka & Bahník, 2018). Acts such as giving offerings, selling drugs, and accepting token of appreciation do not constitute acts of bribery. Question 3: Formulation and Implementation of Strategies It is imperative that firms should formulate and implement their strategies from the perspective of the environment in which they operate. Adopting this approach when formulating and implementing the strategies is important because it influences an organization to take into account the sustainability and corporate social responsibility when it is deciding on the best strategy. An organization does this to ensure that it engages in ethical business practice, and that its practices does not lead to the depletion of resources and environmental degradation (Samuel, Derrick, & van Leeuwen, 2019). Question 4: The Importance of Whistleblowing When an individual reports an incidence of breach of business ethics, this act should not be seen as an act in which one rattles or rats another employee. Instead, people should see the act as a good thing to do because it can help an organization in various ways. For instance, it can prevent the legal ramifications which may arise when an organization fails to meet certain ethical or legal obligations. It may also help save the organization’s reputation (Garrick, 2017). Question 5: Relationship between Personal Ethics and Business Ethics It is common to see people having personal ethics, and an individual project their ethics in terms of the way they behave. In this case, one can tell an individual’s personal ethics by observing the behaviors of the individual. This is the same case with the business ethics which is about dictating how people should behave or the kind of attitude they should have. One’s personal ethics can determine how they accept or comply with the business ethics, and if one’s values clash with the business’ values, then it is difficult for such a person to work in such a business environment. The personal values which one hold can influence how they see the organizational ethics (Pope, 2015). Things which matter to one may not necessarily matter to the organization they work. If an organization’s ethics dictate that one should behave in a certain manner, an individual would have an obligation to behave as the organization requires even if such dictates go against one’s values. Therefore, the ethics of a business, and those of an individual should not be the same. Instead, one should direct their personal ethics towards helping enforce or implement the codes of the ethics of their business. References Bergman, C., Dellve, L., & Skagert, K. (2016). Exploring communication processes in workplace meetings: A mixed methods study in a Swedish healthcare organization. Work (Reading, Mass.), 54(3), 533–541. Doi:https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-162366. Garrick, J. (2017). Peer Support for Whistleblowers. Federal practitioner : for the health care professionals of the VA, DoD, and PHS, 34(7), 38–41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6370439/. Pope, K. S. (2015). Steps to strengthen ethics in organizations: research findings, ethics placebos, and what works. Journal of trauma & dissociation : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD), 16(2), 139–152. Doi https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.995021. Samuel, G., Derrick, G. E., & van Leeuwen, T. (2019). The Ethics Ecosystem: Personal Ethics, Network Governance and Regulating Actors Governing the Use of Social Media Research Data. Minerva, 57(3), 317–343. Doi https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-019-09368-3. Vranka, M. A., & Bahník, Š. (2018). Predictors of Bribe-Taking: The Role of Bribe Size and Personality. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1511. Doi https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01511. Place your order now for a similar assignment and get fast, cheap and best quality work written by our expert level assignment writers.Use Coupon Code: NEW30 to Get 30% OFF Your First
[ANSWERED 2023] AB a 21-year-old WF college student reports to your clinic with external bumps on her genital area. She states the bumps are painless and feel rough
AB a 21-year-old WF college student reports to your clinic with external bumps on her GENITALIA ASSESSMENT Subjective: CC: “I have bumps on my bottom that I want to have checked out.” HPI: AB a 21-year-old WF college student reports to your clinic with external bumps on her genital area. She states the bumps are painless and feel rough. She states she is sexually active and has had more than one partner during the past year. Her initial sexual contact occurred at age 18. She reports no abnormal vaginal discharge. She is unsure how long the bumps have been there but noticed them about a week ago. Her last Pap smear exam was 3 years ago, and no dysplasia was found; the exam results were normal. She reports one sexually transmitted infection (chlamydia) about 2 years ago. She completed the treatment for chlamydia as prescribed. PMH: Asthma Medications: Symbicort 160/4.5mcg Allergies: NKDA FH: No hx of breast or cervical cancer, Father hx HTN, Mother hx HTN, GERD Social: Denies tobacco use; occasional etoh, married, 3 children (1 girl, 2 boys) Objective: VS: Temp 98.6; BP 120/86; RR 16; P 92; HT 5’10”; WT 169lbs Heart: RRR, no murmurs Lungs: CTA, chest wall symmetrical Genital: Normal female hair pattern distribution; no masses or swelling. Urethral meatus intact without erythema or discharge. Perineum intact. Vaginal mucosa pink and moist with rugae present, pos for firm, round, small, painless ulcer noted on external labia. Abd: soft, normoactive bowel sounds, neg rebound, neg murphy’s, negMcBurney Diagnostics: HSV specimen obtained Using evidence-based resources from your search, answer the following questions and support your answers using current evidence from the literature. Analyze the subjective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation. Analyze the objective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation. Is the assessment supported by the subjective and objective information? Why or why not? Would diagnostics be appropriate for this case, and how would the results be used to make a diagnosis? Would you reject/accept the current diagnosis? Why or why not? Identify three possible conditions that may be considered as a differential diagnosis for this patient. Explain your reasoning using at least three different references from current evidence-based literature. Expert Answer and Explanation The diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases includes choosing the type of discharge, blood tests, urine tests, and the examination of other physical symptoms such as pain during sexual intercourse or burning sensations during urination. The similarity of the symptoms of different STIs makes it hard for healthcare givers to easily pinpoint the exact disease that the patient suffers from (Ball et al., 2017). A close assessment of the objective and subjective information of AB, a 21 y.o. pt. with the symptoms of STIs, helps to assess the truthfulness of the diagnosis provided as well as to provide her a preferential diagnosis. Subjective Data The patient has painless bumps in her genitalia, and these feel rough time to time. She does not have any abnormal vaginal discharge, and is unsure about the time the vaginal bumps appeared. However, she says she realized she has them about two weeks ago. Besides being sexually active since the age of 18, she says that she has had at least two sexual partners over the past one year. She has NKDA allergy, a past medical history of asthma, and she is also taking some medications including Symbicort. She also got Chlamydia at 19, and a pap smear conducted three years ago confirmed the absence of dysplasia. He has no breast cancer or cervical cancer history, but both parents have hx of HTN and GERD. The last part of the subjective information is that she has three children, abuses alcohol occasionally, but does not smoke. The additional subjective information could be assessing whether or not she is pre gnant. Objective Data The vitals of the patient are as follows: Temp 98.6; HT 5’10”; BP 120/86; P 92; WT 169lbs, and RR 16. Her hurt does not show visible signs of murmurs, and a CTA of the lungs shows that they are symmetrical. The genital assessment shows the absence of swellings or masses, intact urethral meatus, and normal hair distribution. Also, the vaginal mucosa is pink as expected, but there is rugae. Also, there is a painless ulcer on the external labia of the vagina. The abdominal assessment shows soft bowel sounds that are normative, neg murphies, and neg rebound. For the diagnostics, a HSV specimen is obtained. Much of the objective information was captured, but the assessor should have collected blood and urine samples to assess them. Support of the Assessment Following the assessment of the objective and subjective data, the patient is diagnosed to have chancer, which is right considering the individual symptoms in the genital mucosa characteristics. Painless sores also confirm the presence of the condition (Asai et al., 2020). The Appropriateness of the Diagnostics While the diagnostics could appear perfect for the scenario, I believe they were not as appropriate as they failed to include crucial assessments that would help in clarity of the diagnosis. Specifically, there should have been the obtaining of blood, fluid, and urine samples which could not only help to identify the illness, but would indicate the exact stage (Janssen et al., 2020). Rejecting the Diagnosis I would be quick to reject the diagnosis because the screening was not sufficient enough to make a decision. That is, there is need for further examinations of fluids such as saliva, vaginal discharge, urine, and blood to identify whether the patient had chancre or other sexually transmitted infections or several combined disorders (Abdool Karim et al., 2019). Differential Diagnosis In the differential diagnosis, I would consider HPV to be one of the candidates of further examination as it is evident the patient was not aware of the rough sores, which could be indicative of an overgrowth of sores (McCabe et al., 2017). Also, after asking the patient whether