Provide a budget from a healthcare organization and describe and define each entry in the budget.
Provide a budget from a healthcare organization and describe and define each entry in the budget. Module 4: Assignment Remember to submit your work following the file naming convention FirstInitial.LastName_M01.docx. For example, J.Smith_M01.docx. Remember that it is not necessary to manually type in the file extension; it will automatically append. Start by reading and following these instructions: Quickly skim the questions or assignment below and the assignment rubric to help you focus. Read the required chapter(s) of the textbook and any additional recommended resources. Some answers may require you to do additional research on the Internet or in other reference sources. Choose your sources carefully. Consider the discussion and the any insights you gained from it. Create your Assignment submission and be sure to cite your sources, use APA style as required, check your spelling. Assignment: Budgeting in Healthcare. Write a 2000-2500 word essay addressing each of the following points/questions. Support your ideas with at least three (3) scholarly citations in your essay. Use strict APA guidelines to format the paper. The cover page and reference page do not count towards the minimum word amount and an abstract and table of contents are not necessary and if included are not part of the overall word count. Provide a budget from a healthcare organization and describe and define each entry in the budget. Expert Answer and Explanation Budgeting in Healthcare Like any other business, healthcare organizations need a budget. A hospital or healthcare budget is an estimation of expenses and revenue over a specific time. Healthcare organizations or hospitals can understand the level of funding needed in certain areas, including capital equipment and operation costs (Kuzmenko et al., 2021). Two main types of budgets can be developed in a healthcare organization or hospital. they include capital and operational budgets. The operational budget is used to plan for operational and personnel costs while the capital budget is used to plan for the purchase of hospital equipment (Waxman, 2012). The budgeting process is so essential to hospitals and healthcare organizations. Healthcare is changing rapidly and thus healthcare leaders must continuously adapt as new patient needs and technologies emerge (Kuzmenko et al., 2021). A strong budgeting process in healthcare allows hospital leaders to establish priorities around clinical departments and care and plan for the future. A healthcare budget helps in understanding the amount of money spent and how to allocate funds to various projects and departments within a healthcare facility (Waxman, 2012). Proper budgeting enables healthcare organizations to efficiently and effectively provide patient-centred care (Waxman, 2012). In this paper, budget projections actual through budget 2021 by Metropolitan Nashville General Hospital have been provided and each entry of the budget is defined and described. Components of a Budget A basic budget has four main components. The first component is estimated revenue. Estimated review is the money the business is expected to make in the coming financial year from its sales. Estimated revenue has two main components including the estimated cost of services rendered or goods sold and sales forecast (Shakeri et al., 2021). The second component of a budget is expenses. Expenses show how the organization is expected to use its funds in the next financial year. Expenses can be grouped into fixed, discretionary, and flexible expenses. When making a budget, the nurse leader should pinpoint exactly how the money will be used. Expenses are used to track the finances and ensure that the management was responsible for the allocated funds. Expenses also dictate the number of funds the management will request for a specific financial period. The third component is sources of funds. This section shows the sources of the hospital’s funds (Waxman, 2012). The fourth component of a budget is income. The income section shows the money the company is projected to make after the budget has been executed. This part is developed by subtracting expenses from projected revenues. Entries in the Metropolitan Nashville General Hospital Budget The Metropolitan Nashville General Hospital budget is included in the appendix. The budget was developed based on the three basic components of a budget. The first part of the budget is estimated revenue. This part approximates what the hospital will get from its services (Waxman, 2012). In this part, the budget has described the estimated patient admissions, observational visits, patient days, average length of stay, FTE’s Hospital Only, and FTE’s Per Equiv. ADC. The budget shows that Metropolitan Nashville General Hospital received a total of $214,798,164 from patient charges (inpatient $66,618,962 and outpatient $ 148,179,202. The budget projected that the hospital will make $236,577,917 in 2020 and $271,801,053 in 2021. The variance between the budgeted patient charges in the 2021 financial year and the actual budget in the 2020 financial year is $35,223,136 meaning that the hospital estimates that patient charges will increase in the 2021 financial year. In the first part, the budget also shows the estimation of money that will be deducted from revenue. This part shows that adjustments are projected to impact the estimated revenue for the budgeted year. Elements listed in this section include bad debt adjustments, contractual adjustments, uninsured discounts, administration adjustments, charity adjustments, and other adjustments. The funds allocated in this section will cover any unforeseen changes. For instance, bad debt can occur if the patient fails to pay medical bills as agreed. Charity adjustments can be needed if the charity organization fails to fulfil its promises about contributing funds to the organization. The administration might also need to adjust by hiring more people or introducing training after the budget has been prepared and approved. Nashville General Hospital’s budget has considered these changes by including them in the adjustment section. The budget estimated that deduction from revenue in 2021 would be $223,937,407, $192,796,906 in 2020, and $ 173,045,736 in 2019. The variable between the deductions from revenue in the 2020 projected budget and the 2021 budget was $31,140,501 meaning that the deductions were expected to increase. The budget summarizes the estimated revenue after removing deductions from revenue that will be received by
Upon completing the MACP program and receiving registration with CCPA six months ago, Emily Blackman as a new counsellor
Upon completing the MACP program and receiving registration with CCPA six months ago, Emily Blackman 3.1. Obtaining Informed Consent Informed consent refers to the process through which a counsellor ensures that the client is aware of the potential risks and benefits associated with therapy, assessment, research, and/or other activities in which they may engage. Informed consent means that the client voluntarily agrees to the counselling process, has a right to understand its implications, and has a free choice about participating. Obtaining informed consent is a cornerstone of conducting ethical therapy, research, and assessment, and is required by ethical codes. Review what the codes of ethics have to say about this topic and incorporate this into your discussions: Some may say that informed consent is really about protecting the professional from liability rather than respecting the client’s dignity and freedom. What are the strengths and weaknesses of this argument? What should the client know and understand to make a decision that is indeed informed? 3.2. Protecting Confidentiality Confidentiality is the keystone of effective counselling and psychotherapy because it allows the client to freely share experiences without fear of unwarranted disclosure to others. Confidentiality refers to the ethical principle that compels psychologists to hold secret all information about a client and to keep private any information revealed by a client in confidence unless the client consents to the disclosure of the information to a third party or the law authorize the release of information without the client’s consent. Review what the codes of ethics have to say about this topic and incorporate this into your discussions: Discuss some ways in which you can prepare clients for issues pertaining to confidentiality. What could you do to educate clients about the purposes of confidentiality and the legal restrictions on it? Examine how you would do this in various situations, such as assessment, school counselling, group work, couples and family counselling, and counselling with minors. During the counselling session, Paul mentions that he is sexually active, that he sometimes engages in sexual activity that could put his partner at risk, and that he has withheld from his partner that he is HIV positive. Does Paul’s behaviour constitute a threat worthy of a warning to the potential victim? As a counsellor, if you break confidentiality to warn a potential victim, what effect will that have on the therapeutic alliance with Paul and, ultimately, on Paul’s well-being? To whom you have a primary obligation—Paul or someone whom Paul might endanger? Case Analysis II Instructions Consider the following case for analysis: Upon completing the MACP program and receiving registration with CCPA six months ago, Emily Blackman as a new counsellor decided to add telephone counselling to the services she provides to clients. One of her clients, Karen White, a 50-year-old woman who struggles with emotional and physical isolation, has a very soft voice, and Blackman has difficulty hearing her accurately even after turning up the phone’s volume. Blackman tried diplomatically to ask her client to speak louder but to no avail. Frustrated, Blackman decides to put Karen’s calls on speaker, increasing the volume to its maximum capacity. Blackman reasons that although Karen’s voice can now be heard in Blackman’s reception area, clients’ chances of hearing the conversation can be minimal because she is usually finished with Karen’s session before clients physically arrive for appointments. For this reason, Blackman decides that she does not have to inform Karen that her voice is on speaker. To do so, she believes it would be intimidating and counter therapeutic. Answer the following questions: Discuss Emily’s decision not to inform Karen that the speaker volume is on while she talks. What are the justifications for this, if any? What are the ethical and legal ramifications of this behaviour? Discuss the suitability of using the telephone counselling or other forms of technology in counselling practice for the types of issues with which Emily is presenting. In the assignment, you must integrate the reference to ethical principles, standards of practice, relevant practice guidelines and legislation specific to the province or territory in which you intend to practice. You may use outside research, but not to replace the material from the course. All work must be cited according to APA format, current edition. Culture/Diversity and Legal/Ethical issues must be included when relevant. Do not type the case analysis into your assignment. Specific requirements for formatting your Assignments #2: The paper should be 4-5 pages, double-spaced (excluding the cover page, and the reference list), format your paper in Word (doc or docx only) and use APA style guidelines, current edition. You can write in the first person. Use the questions as headings in the assignment. When you save your assignments on your computer, you should “save as” using the following formula: First Name Last Name -Course Number-Assignment Number (JohnDoe-PSYC6203-1). All written assignments should have a cover page (including the title of the assignment, your name, the name of the course, and the date of submission) and be double-spaced throughout (without leaving an extra-space between paragraphs or references; make sure that the “Before” and “After” values for Paragraphs are 0 = zero). This program uses 7th edition APA style. This is a guide for all professional communication. At the same time, please know that we have program expectations for assignments. These expectations include: 12pt text size, Times New Roman font and no running head. The reference list should only include sources that were used for in-text citations in the paper itself. No abstract, introduction or conclusion sections are needed for the assignment. Please include references. Focus on using peer-reviewed journal articles to support the arguments The project will be evaluated with respect to organization, clarity, and thoroughness of presentation, and justification of evaluation criteria. Reminder: As a graduate-level course, student work should be based on critical thinking, not merely on summarizing or paraphrasing material. Evaluation The following rubric indicates those areas you should be focusing on in preparing your assignment, and how the professor will weigh these components relative to one another. Criteria
Post a brief description of general healthcare technology trends, particularly related to data/information you have observed in use in your healthcare
Post a brief description of general healthcare technology trends, particularly related to data/information you have Discussion: Healthcare Information Technology Trends Throughout history, technological advancements have appeared for one purpose before finding applications elsewhere that lead to spikes in its usage and development. The internet, for example, was originally developed to share research before becoming a staple of work and entertainment. But technology—new and repurposed—will undoubtedly continue to be a driver of healthcare information. Informaticists often stay tuned to trends to monitor what the next new technology will be or how the next new idea for applying existing technology can benefit outcomes. In this Discussion, you will reflect on your healthcare organization’s use of technology and offer a technology trend you observe in your environment. To Prepare: Reflect on the Resources related to digital information tools and technologies. Consider your healthcare organization’s use of healthcare technologies to manage and distribute information. Reflect on current and potential future trends, such as use of social media and mobile applications/telehealth, Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled asset tracking, or expert systems/artificial intelligence, and how they may impact nursing practice and healthcare delivery. By Day 3 of Week 6 Post a brief description of general healthcare technology trends, particularly related to data/information you have observed in use in your healthcare organization or nursing practice. Describe any potential challenges or risks that may be inherent in the technologies associated with these trends you described. Then, describe at least one potential benefit and one potential risk associated with data safety, legislation, and patient care for the technologies you described. Next, explain which healthcare technology trends you believe are most promising for impacting healthcare technology in nursing practice and explain why. Describe whether this promise will contribute to improvements in patient care outcomes, efficiencies, or data management. Be specific and provide examples. Expert Answer and Explanation Trends in Informatics Technology The healthcare technology is revolutionizing the delivery of health services by providing providers with the necessary tools that support the delivery of care. With the emerging trends in use of informatics technology, patients are benefitting from access to optimal care. General Healthcare Technology Trends The evolution of the healthcare technology is seen in various trends including the use of the mobile health apps, and telhealth technology to optimize care access and delivery. The technologies powered by the Internet of Things (IoTs) like wearable devices are easing and enhancing the delivery of preventive care by providing real-time data that inform clinical intervention decisions. Providers are equally leveraging the Electronic Health Records (EHRs) to capture and access patients’ data, and share this data with other members of the interprofessional team (Zhang & Saltman, 2022). Out of the general healthcare trends I have observed, telhealth and EHRs are the predominant technologies in my healthcare organization. As a tool, the EHR system allows providers to store and retrieve patients’ data, and share it with colleagues. Conversely, the telhealth system, which may involve the use of virtual communication platform, facilitates provider-patient interaction, allowing patients to remotely access health services. The Concerns or Challenges tied to the Technologies Associated with the Trends While the use of the identified technological trends translates to the improvement in decision-making outcomes in clinical settings, they present serious concerns. The adoption and usability of the EHRs and telhealth is particularly a challenge in organizations because some users resist their use based on factors like lack of usage skills, and challenging interfaces. If users experience difficulty when attempting to use the technologies, they may resist its adoption and use in the healthcare setting. Some organizations grapple with cumbersome legislative compliance requirements which require that they adhere to the existing policies related to access control. For instance, the HIPAA policy requires organizations to adopt stringent security measures to safeguard patients’ health data (Wiley et al., 2022). Even with the implementation of the data safety policies, the risk of data breach is still high considering that hackers can take advantage of security vulnerabilities to hack into the organization’s IT infrastructure. Benefit and Risk Associated with Data Safety, Legislation and Patient Care Data safety and legislation in the context of patient care translate to the improvement in patient care outcomes. The use of the telehealth and EHRs in particular, improves coordination of care through real-time access to data, optimizing the clinical intervention outcomes. Telhealth supports the implementation of the post-discharge interventions, allowing providers to monitor patients, and to educate patients during their healing journey. A data breach incident in which data is altered can jeopardize the patient’s safety by causing poor health outcomes (Lim & Adler-Milstein, 2022). The Most Promising Healthcare Technology Trends The use of the telhealth is the most promising trend in terms of the utilization of the healthcare technologies to optimize health outcomes (Apathy et al., 2024). This trend will be instrumental in helping providers to reach an extended number of individuals in underserved communities. It will particularly reduce the burden associated with travelling to the healthcare facility. The Possibility of the Promise Contributing to Improvement in Patient Care Outcomes With the adoption of the telhealth, providers will be able to identify potential health issues and avert these issues before they turn into major complications. As providers turn to providing health services virtually, they will have more time to care for patents, resulting to better utilization of resources. Telhealth combined with EHR system will automate data collection, ensuring that providers have access to records of each patient. Conclusion In conclusion, the EHRs and telhealth are some of the technologies that providers are utilizing to provide patients with high-end care. Despite the privacy and safety concerns, these technologies are contributing to enhancing decision-making. References Apathy, N. C., Zabala, G., Gomes, K., Spaar, P., Krevat, S. A., & Ratwani, R. M. (2024). Telemedicine and In-Person Visit Modality Mix and Electronic Health Record Use in Primary Care. JAMA network open, 7(4), e248060. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.8060. Lim, J., & Adler-Milstein, J. (2022). 531 Telehealth, associated changes in EHR use patterns, and implications for physician burnout in the ambulatory care setting. Journal of
In this assignment you will propose a quality improvement initiative from your place of employment
In this assignment you will propose a quality improvement initiative from your place of employment that could In this assignment you will propose a quality improvement initiative from your place of employment that could easily be implemented if approved. Assume you are presenting this program to the board for approval of funding. Write an executive summary (750-1,000 words) to present to the board, from which the board will make its decision to fund your program or project. Include the following: The purpose of the quality improvement initiative. The target population or audience. The benefits of the quality improvement initiative. The interprofessional collaboration that would be required to implement the quality improvement initiative. The cost or budget justification. The basis upon which the quality improvement initiative will be evaluated. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance Expert Answer and Explanation Quality Improvement Initiative A quality improvement initiative focuses on monitoring, analyzing, and improving the quality practices to improve healthcare outcomes in the healthcare organization. Beran et al. (2018) said that hospitals could gather and examine data in critical areas to effectively select a project that can meet their quality requirements. Therefore, this paper proposes a pharmacist-provided Medication Therapy Management (MTM) program to an organization’s board of directors for funding. Purpose of the quality improvement initiative The primary purpose of pharmacist-provided Medication Therapy Management (MTM) project is to improve patients’ outcomes and reduce healthcare costs (Beran et al., 2018). The target population or audience The pharmacist-provided or led MTM project will target the Medicare population. The population constitutes of individuals ages 65 and above, irrespective of their income, health status, medical history, and people with long-term disability (Beran et al., 2018). These persons use a lot of medicines because of their chronic conditions, including depression, heart diseases, influenza, respiratory infections, and diabetes. The benefits of the quality improvement initiative The two essential advantages of the MTM project include empowering of patients and provide service value. Empowering of patients Pharmacist-provided Medication Therapy Management (MTM) encourages patients to participate in their healthcare actively. This is an approach of empowering patients to be responsible and be knowledgeable about their medication use and health (Henderson, Brooks, Richey & Thompson, 2019). MTM services enable an active partnership among pharmacists, patients, physicians, and other healthcare professionals or providers for the attainment of optimum medication treatment outcomes. Henderson, Brooks, Richey, and Thompson (2019) concluded that various patients have attested that pharmacist-provided MTM services have a positive impact on their care in most states in the United States. Provision of services value Pharmacist-led Medication Therapy Management (MTM) services contribute to patients’ safety, appropriateness care, and effective use of drugs. These are the three ways in which this initiative will provide service value to patients. The methods are highlighted below. One, MTM project improves the quality of patient outcomes and care. For example, MTM services usually save lives at risk. Two, the MTM program reduces healthcare spending. Spivey et al., 2019 explained that MTM services have the potential of lowering medical expenditure linked with physician visits or emergency care visits or hospitalizations. Three, MTM project also reduce medication-associated adverse events by improving patient safety (Spivey et al., 2019). Moreover, there are various pieces of evidence indicating that improved healthcare outcomes and better management of healthcare spending result from pharmacist-provided MTM services in both the private and public health sector. For example, the Iowa Medicaid Pharmaceutical Case Management (PCM) Program. This is an MTM project that was established in 2000 to target high risks patients who use more than four medicines. The program has improved prescribing of appropriate drugs and a significant reduction in the utilization of high-risk medications. Another example, The Diabetes Ten City Challenge. This is an MTM health benefit project instituted by groups of employers in ten communities. The initiative has resulted in savings of about $918 per worker in total healthcare expenses for the past years and a 50% reduction in employees’ absenteeism (Spivey et al., 2019). Therefore, the value of pharmacist-provided Medication Therapy Management in clinical, humanistic, and economical is real as its results are outstanding and replicable. The interpersonal collaboration required for the implementation of the quality improvement initiative Enhancement of patient-centered medical care and patient outcomes, a comprehensive team-based will be necessary for the implementation of this project. In MTM project implementation, pharmacists will be prerequisite to boost medicines use that can help to improve patient outcomes. According to the American College of Clinical Pharmacy et al. (2015), for organizations to deliver pharmacist-provided Medical Therapy Management, pharmacists are required to work together with doctors or physicians effectively. Physicians are also required to collaborate with nurses. Nurses are needed to work in partnership with patients (American College of Clinical Pharmacy et al., 2015). The three collaborations are vital for the implementation of pharmacist-led MTM. The cost or budget justification The table below presents different costs needed for the implementation of pharmacist-provided Medication Therapy Management (MTM) program at the organization. Cost category Cost in USD in million % of total Type of cost (USD) Personnel 19. 21 41.32 Variable Material and Supplies 9.25 19.90 Variable Equipment 7.45 16.02 Fixed Non-salary direct 10.1 21.72 Fixed Overhead 0.48 1.03 Fixed Total 46. 49 100% Source (Author, 2019). From the table above it can be deduced that the project requires a total of US$46.49 million. Variable costs in this program are will be caused by the changing cause quality and quantity of the service that the health organization will deliver (Berry, Eizenberg & Waldfogel, 2016). Fixed costs are also expenditures that dependent on the level of services that the organization will offer to its clients. The basis upon which the quality improvement initiative will be
Program/policy evaluation is a valuable tool that can help strengthen the quality of programs/policies and improve outcomes
Program/policy evaluation is a valuable tool that can help strengthen the quality of programs/policies and improve Assessing a Healthcare Program/Policy Evaluation Program/policy evaluation is a valuable tool that can help strengthen the quality of programs/policies and improve outcomes for the populations they serve. Program/policy evaluation answers basic questions about program/policy effectiveness. It involves collecting and analyzing information about program/policy activities, characteristics, and outcomes. This information can be used to ultimately improve program services or policy initiatives. Nurses can play a very important role assessing program/policy evaluation for the same reasons that they can be so important to program/policy design. Nurses bring expertise and patient advocacy that can add significant insight and impact. In this Assignment, you will practice applying this expertise and insight by selecting an existing healthcare program or policy evaluation and reflecting on the criteria used to measure the effectiveness of the program/policy. To Prepare: Review the Healthcare Program/Policy Evaluation Analysis Template provided in the Resources. Select an existing healthcare program or policy evaluation or choose one of interest to you and get approval to use it from your Instructor. Review the healthcare program or policy evaluation and reflect on the criteria used to measure the effectiveness of the program or policy described. The Assignment: (2–3 pages) Based on the program or policy evaluation you selected, complete the Healthcare Program/Policy Evaluation Analysis Template. Be sure to address the following: Describe the healthcare program or policy outcomes. How was the success of the program or policy measured? How many people were reached by the program or policy selected? How much of an impact was realized with the program or policy selected? At what point in program implementation was the program or policy evaluation conducted? What data was used to conduct the program or policy evaluation? What specific information on unintended consequences was identified? What stakeholders were identified in the evaluation of the program or policy? Who would benefit most from the results and reporting of the program or policy evaluation? Be specific and provide examples. Did the program or policy meet the original intent and objectives? Why or why not? Would you recommend implementing this program or policy in your place of work? Why or why not? Identify at least two ways that you, as a nurse advocate, could become involved in evaluating a program or policy after 1 year of implementation. Expert Answer and Explanation Healthcare Program/Policy Evaluation Analysis Healthcare Program/Policy Evaluation The Newborns’ and Mothers’ Health protection Act (NMHPA). Description According to the policy, maternity coverage plans should include a mandatory pay of maternity fee for a 48-hour period from the time the child is born. How was the success of the program or policy measured? To determine the success of the program, the data pertaining to the number of women who received maternal services covered under the insurance plans, during the 48-hours following birth, was collected from hospitals, and clinical facilities. By reviewing the data on the number of the new mothers who benefitted from the program, the team responsible for policy evaluation managed to come up with data which showed the success of the policy. This data purely constitutes the information which the evaluation team acquired from the hospitals which did accept the plan-based payments (Cms.gov, 2020). How many people were reached by the program or policy selected? How much of an impact was realized with the program or policy selected? The selected policy had an impact on a more than 50 million American women. This group consisted of the new mothers, aged 18 and 48 years who paid through insurance plans. Since the enactment of the act in 1995, it has had positive impact in terms of improving the health or the mothers and newborns, and helping reduce the number of cases of adverse clinical events. It has led to the reduction of the rates of re-hospitalization among new mothers. It has equally helped empower mothers because the 48-hours these mothers spend in the hospital include a time for educating them about baby care. Consequently, the law has helped improve the wellbeing of the newborn babies (Cms.gov, 2020). What data was used to conduct the program or policy evaluation? The data used to evaluate the success of the program constituted the responses which the beneficiaries of the new laws provided. These beneficiaries consisted of mothers who had benefitted from the insurance scheme in which they received insurance coverage for a 48-hour maternal care following birth. By directly getting information from this population, it was possible to get to know their experience, and outcomes associated with the NHMPA (Cms.gov, 2020). The providers were also interviewed about the effectiveness of the law, and they admitted that the law was effective in terms of helping meet the required objectives. What specific information on unintended consequences were identified? The information on unintended consequences identified included the occupation accidents which result to the pregnancy-based complications leading to death. Deaths as a result of the use of non-safe abortion (Mumtaz, Bahk, Khang, 2019). The use of substances such as alcohol which cause a pregnant mother to miscarry and abort. The details pertaining to the unintended consequences identified included the miscarriages, and the death of the newborns within the 48-hour period after birth. The death of the mother was also part of this information. What stakeholders were identified in the evaluation of the program or policy? Who would benefit most from the results and reporting of the program or policy evaluation? Be specific and provide examples. Various stakeholders groups were identified during the assessment of the policy. These groups consisted of the nurses and physicians working with mothers, and working in maternal units. Women who previously gave birth were also identified for evaluation. The beneficiaries of the results would be pregnant women with insurance plans who are about to give birth. Another group is infants, and they will benefit by receiving the necessary care which can help improve their health. Did the program or policy meet the original intent and
Choose a nurse leader who holds a leadership nursing position in their organization who have direct reports
Choose a nurse leader who holds a leadership nursing position in their organization who have direct reports (they supervise other employees). You will engage with and interview a nurse leader in person. You should begin thinking about this activity as soon as possible and identify how you will identify and gain access to the interview. You may include photos, graphs, or charts. Choose a nurse leader who holds a leadership nursing position in their organization who have direct reports (they supervise other employees). Examples of this include Director of Nursing, Director, Unit Manager. *You may not be employed in the same facility as your interviewee or shadow during personal work hours* (If special accommodations need to be made, approval by your instructor is required first). Develop an interview guide before conducting the interview. Identify information that you want to know before the interview and plan clarifying questions. You must include at least one question about technology/informatics. Conduct an interview regarding their professional role in the organization, and a current health care issue that is of interest to you (ethics, conflict management, budget, staffing, culture of safety, “just culture”, career advancement, quality improvement, etc.). Identify the name of the organization and use names of all involved (no anonymity). Prepare a written report of the interview. Required questions below. Feel free to add to the list below but these questions must be asked to your interviewee and answered. Please describe the nursing and inter-professional teams that operate in this facility/on this unit. Can you provide an example of a nursing practice that has been changed in the last year based on current best evidence? Please identify the impact of change within your organization and your role as leader/manager in this change process Please identify strategies used for fiscal and human resources that contribute to the organization’s ability to deliver quality cost-effective patient-centered care What do you consider your biggest challenge as a leader/manager? What do you love most about your job? Why did you choose this job? What other kinds of nursing/other job did you ever do? How would you describe your company’s culture? How would you describe your role in admission and staffing decisions? What is your leadership style? Expert Answer and Explanation Qualities of a Nurse Leader Nurse leaders are vital in a healthcare organization. Nursing leadership directly impacts a healthcare organization’s performance, drive, and people (patients and caregivers alike) (Rashkovits, 2019). As health systems and hospitals strive to improve the quality of care they provide, an emphasis is placed on adopting the features of a highly reliable institution. Cui (2022) noted that while efforts are mostly placed on top leadership in healthcare, middle-management leaders, such as nurse leaders are significant to the institutions and directly affect many healthcare workers and frontline caregivers. Nurses are more likely to continue to help shape and grow smarter healthcare delivery of the future only with strong nurse leadership (Cui, 2022). For nurse leaders to be effective, they must understand the role they play in healthcare or hospital systems. This assignment is a summary of an interview with a Nurse Manager, at the Department of Pediatrics at a hospital facility. Overview of the Organization Hope Hospital is a healthcare facility situated in New York City (NYC). The hospital is one of the state’s most comprehensive healthcare delivery institutions dedicated to proving the most compassionate and high-quality services and cares to patients in New York City. Services provided by the hospital include cancer care, heart care, digestive disease care, orthopedics, neurology and neurosurgery, pediatrics, organ transplant, rehabilitation medicine, psychiatry and behavioral health, and women’s health. The mission of the hospital is to provide excellent and quality healthcare services humanely and compassionately to help people who work and live in New York City and its neighborhoods. AA, the interviewee in this interview is the Nurse Manager, of the Department of Pediatrics at the hospital. He is in charge of all nurses across all hospital departments. The interview helped in understanding the roles of the nurse leader in large patient care functions. Summary of the Interview Nursing and Inter-professional Team The nurse leader is the head of nurses, in the Department of Pediatrics at the hospital. The main team members that operate in this department include pediatric nurses, pediatric dieticians, and pediatric doctors. Health professionals have extensive knowledge of how to provide care to pediatric patients in particular. Other professionals who are part of the team include patient care technicians, nursing students, certified nursing assistants, and pediatric doctor residents. The department also often works with other healthcare professionals to ensure the care of pediatric patients. The professionals include cardiologists, neurologists, mental health nurses and physicians, certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNA), respiratory therapists, pharmacists, and many more. The nurse leader noted that they collaborate with other healthcare professional when their patients have a specific health issue. Changed Nursing Practice According to the nurse manager, his department changed nurse-to-nurse shift change from a verbal face-to-face report conducted in a private setting to a face-to-face bedside handoff. Nurse-to-nurse shift change is a significant nursing practice (Ernst et al., 2018). It is a process where an outgoing nurse who has completed their shift exchanges vital patient information, accountability, and responsibility to caring for the patient with the incoming nurse (Dorvil, 2018). This process should be conducted properly and effectively to ensure safe continuity of patient care and delivery of best care practices. Initially, nurses conducted the hand-off process using face-to-face reports performed in a private setting. Nurses who had finished their shift met nurses who were about to start their shift at the nursing station and share information about their patients. This practice did not involve patients or their kin. The department wanted to introduce a patient-centred hand-off strategy. A face-to-face bedside handoff is a handover strategy that involves both the off-going and the oncoming nurses, patients, and their families (Dorvil, 2018). This nursing report is performed at the patient’s bedside and patients and their families are allowed to contribute.
Discuss the historical application of statistics in the field of health care
Discuss the historical application of statistics in the field of health care Discuss the historical application of statistics in the field of health care Topic 1 DQ 1: Discuss the historical application of statistics in the field of health care. Describe an example, other than Florence Nightingale’s contributions, where statistical application has greatly influenced or changed health care operations or practice. Topic 1 DQ 2: Discuss why it is important for a person working in health care to understand statistical concepts. Provide an example of how statistical data is used in your organization or specialty area today and what you are expected to do with this information as a practitioner. Expert Answer and Explanation Topic 1 DQ 1: Historical Application of Statistics The application of statistics in healthcare has been there since time immemorial. Healthcare providers used to keep count of the birth and mortality rates in healthcare facilities. This was a simple application of statistics. With time statistics in healthcare has evolved and currently being used to dictate the amount of funding the industry receives from donors and governments (Scott & Mazhindu, 2014). The use of statistics also played a major role in some of the medical interventions being currently made by healthcare workers. The use of sophisticated statistical analysis techniques allowed healthcare providers to understand the epidemiology of various illnesses like smallpox. Currently, the use of statistics is even more intense than it was in the past with more complex statistical algorithms being used to come up with methods of improving patient care (Kim & Mallory, 2014). Linda Richards is one of the historical nursing contributors who revolutionized healthcare as we know it using one aspect of statistics, organization of data (Oliver, 2018). Unlike most notable nursing figures, Linda Richards was not known to be an excellent caregiver; neither was she known to be a health worker who excelled in medical treatment. However, her contributions in the field of nursing and healthcare as a whole transformed due to her input. She was the first nursing student to be enrolled in American Nurse School. Upon her first nursing assignment, she was met with a completely disorganized record-keeping system, which made it horrendous to keep track of patient data. It was there that she decided to come up with a formal system of keeping patient records, which up to date is still being used (Oliver, 2018). Data organization in statistics is a vital element in that it can allow proper analysis and facilitate easy tracking of any given data. References Kim, M., & Mallory, C. (2014). Statistics for evidence-based practice in nursing. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Oliver, N. (2018). The History of Nursing. Transitioning from RN to MSN: Principles of Professional Role Development. Scott, I., & Mazhindu, D. (2014). Statistics for healthcare professionals: An introduction. Sage Topic 1 DQ 2: Understanding Statistical Concepts in Health Care Healthcare, just like other professional disciplines, relies on statistics to make meaning to some of the issues pertaining to patient care. Statistical concepts in healthcare play a crucial role in helping healthcare providers come up with evidence-based approaches to delivering quality care to patients (Kim & Mallory, 2014). In research, statistical concepts allow a healthcare worker to draw a meaningful inference on research being conducted, which can be used to provide better and quality patient care. The other uses of statistical concepts in healthcare are mentioned as follows. A simpler application of statistical concepts in healthcare facilities is that it can facilitate the knowledge of efficiency in the process of delivering care to patients. This can be done by taking count of the number of patients making visitations in the healthcare facility and evaluating how long it takes for them to receive the care needed. Statistical concepts can also enable a healthcare provider to understand better the characteristics of the population they are serving (Scott & Mazhindu, 2014). By doing so, they can deliver targeted care, which will enhance patient satisfaction for services received. Statistical concepts can also aid in the allocation of resources by healthcare facilities. Depending on the need, for example, in the various hospital departments, then the hospital’s management can know where resources are urgently needed or the amount of resources required (Florescu et al., 2016). Using statistical concepts, healthcare-based companies can develop their products, dictated by statistically informed market analysis. In my organization, for example, we keep track of the number of hospital-related infections. We consider this data vital since it acts as a basis for quality improvement through putting in place techniques to reduce the occurrence of such cases. References Florescu, S., Ciutan, M., Mihaescu Pintia, C., Popovici, G. D., Firuleasa, I. L., Sasu, C., … & Vladescu, C. (2016). Using hospital, available statistics in defining use patterns and health care needsMarius Ciutan. European Journal of Public Health, 26(suppl_1). Kim, M., & Mallory, C. (2014). Statistics for evidence-based practice in nursing. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Scott, I., & Mazhindu, D. (2014). Statistics for healthcare professionals: An introduction. Sage. Place your order now on a similar assignment and get fast, cheap and best quality work written by our expert level assignment writers. FAQs 10 uses of health statistics Monitoring public health: Health statistics can be used to track the prevalence and incidence of diseases and health conditions in a population, allowing public health officials to identify trends and patterns and develop targeted interventions. Evaluating health interventions: Health statistics can be used to assess the effectiveness of health interventions, including medical treatments, public health campaigns, and policy changes. Allocating resources: Health statistics can help policymakers and health officials determine how to allocate resources, such as funding for medical research, public health programs, and healthcare facilities. Identifying health disparities: Health statistics can be used to identify disparities in health outcomes between different demographic groups, such as by age, gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Planning healthcare services: Health statistics can inform decisions about the need for healthcare services and the types of services required, such as the number of hospital beds or the availability of specialized medical equipment. Assessing health risks: Health statistics can help identify environmental and lifestyle factors that contribute to poor health outcomes, such as exposure to pollution, tobacco use, and poor nutrition. Conducting epidemiological research: Health statistics are a vital source of data
Research a health care organization or network that spans several states with in the United States (United Healthcare, Vanguard, Banner Health, etc.).
Research a health care organization or network that spans several states with in the United States (United Healthcare, Vanguard, Banner Health, etc.). Research a health care organization or network that spans several states with in the United States (United Healthcare, Vanguard, Banner Health, etc.). Assess the readiness of the health care organization or network you chose in regard to meeting the health care needs of citizens in the next decade. Prepare a 1,000-1,250 word paper that presents your assessment and proposes a strategic plan to ensure readiness. Include the following: Describe the health care organization or network. Describe the organization\’s overall readiness based on your findings. Prepare a strategic plan to address issues pertaining to network growth, nurse staffing, resource management, and patient satisfaction. Identify any current or potential issues within the organizational culture and discuss how these issues may affect aspects of the strategic plan. Propose a theory or model that could be used to support implementation of the strategic plan for this organization. Explain why this theory or model is best. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance. Expert Answer and Explanation Health Organization Evaluation The performance of the health care sector is dependent on multiple factors. These factors can be evaluated to ensure that there are seamless operations and all aspects of care are conducted without discrepancies. The complexity of operations within the healthcare sector increases with an increase in the size and magnitude of the facility (Grube et al., 2018). An organization that spans a wide location or has multiple outlets in different regions might have challenges that should be addressed on time. In this regard, these types of organizations have to demonstrate increase readiness and preparedness when attending to patients of different issues to ensure the proper attainment of organizational goals. Preparedness is an important aspect of any organization and it can be an essential attribute to aid with strategic planning and addressing new events. The United Health Group One of the healthcare organizations that span multiple states is the United Health Group. The headquarters of the organization is based in Minnetonka, Minnesota from where the main operations are supervised and executed. The organization has been listed in the Fortune 100 as one of the leading healthcare institutions in the US (Enos, 2020). The organization is focused on improving the overall value of health care consumers through the creation of measures to reduce the cost of healthcare. Similarly, the company is also addressing the need to improving the quality of care provided to the patients by advocating for health and wellness. The advocacy is essential towards the streamlining of healthcare services and ensuring all the health care experiences for the customer are met with high satisfaction. On average, the United Health Group provides comprehensive services to more than 26.4 million Americans both in healthcare delivery and other medical plans. Besides offering medical services, the United Health Group acts as a medical insurance entity offering affordable pans to the patients. These plans are categorized into different segments including national employers mid-sized employers, public sector employers, individuals, and businesses (Jelalian et al., 2020). These plans are crucial for the patient as they can be used to cushion the burden that would have otherwise been felt from the out-of-pocket payments. Other services offered by the organization are the Medicare and retirement plans offered to the elderly individuals within the community. the program serves approximately 12.5 million senior citizens and other individuals that are eligible for the Medicare and retirement program (Enos, 2020). The other service that the facility provides is the community and state where services are offed contingent to the state in which the facility is located. These programs are directed to the community members who can benefit from the services provided by the organization. Readiness of the United Health Group Based on these findings, the United Health Group has been able to implement multiple readiness plans that have proven to be effective (Li et al., 2020). Over the years the United Health Group has put in place measures to ensure that there is convenience for patients when seeking medical care of the financing for acquired medication. The current movement is the shift from treatment and healing to the use of health promotion and prevention which is likely to help reduce cost and improve the quality of life (Grube et al., 2018). In compliance with the new model of care, the United Health Group partnered with the YMCA to create the JOIN for ME movement. the movement seeks to sensitize overweight and obesity among children and advocate for healthy body weight and the need to watch one’s diet (Jelalian et al., 2020). According to the program, the children were taught the best practices to engage in in order to reduce the chances of becoming overweight. Some of the key issues addressed include the reduction of time spent watching TV and engaging in physical activities such as walking and playing outside with other children for muscle activity. Another preparedness activity that the organization facilitated is the UnitedHealthcare Hearing which helps the patients to have affordable medical care within the plans it provides. The United Health Group doubles as both a health care facility as well as an insurance company to manage and administer patient finances and insurance covers (UnitedHealth Group, 2019). The company came up with a system called My Healthcare Cost Estimator which provides the clients with a number of comparative expenses analyses obtained from different health care providers. The information helps the patient to choose the facility to use based on their finances and quality of care (UnitedHealth Group, 2019). Strategic Plan for the Organization Network Growth The organization
Prepare a 10-15 slide PowerPoint presentation, with speaker notes, that examines the significance of an organization’s culture and values
Prepare a 10-15 slide PowerPoint presentation, with speaker notes, that examines the Prepare a 10-15 slide PowerPoint presentation, with speaker notes, that examines the significance of an organization’s culture and values. For the presentation of your PowerPoint, use Loom to create a voice-over or a video. Refer to the Topic Materials for additional guidance on recording your presentation with Loom. Include an additional slide for the Loom link at the beginning, and an additional slide for References at the end. Outline the purpose of an organization’s mission, vision, and values. Explain why an organization’s mission, vision, and values are significant to nurse engagement and patient outcomes. Explain what factors lead to conflict in a professional practice. Describe how organizational values and culture can influence the way conflict is addressed. Discuss effective strategies for resolving workplace conflict and encouraging interprofessional collaboration. Discuss how organizational needs and the culture of health care influence organizational outcomes. Describe how these relate to health promotion and disease prevention from a community health perspective. While APA style format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. Expert Answer and Explanation Purpose of the Presentation The purpose of this powerpoint presentation is to; Outline the purpose of values, mission, and vision of an organization. Explain the significance of mission, vision, and values to patient outcomes and nurse engagement. Explain the factors causing conflict in a professional practice. Discuss strategies to encourage interprofessional collaboration and solve workplace conflict. Discuss how the culture of healthcare and organization needs can influence organizational outcomes. Organizational Culture Organizational culture is the collection of practices, values, and expectations that inform and guide the actions of all members of an organization (Paais & Pattiruhu, 2020). The culture is presented in the mission, vision, and values of an organziation. Organizational culture can also be seen as the collection of traits that make a company what it is and guides its objectives. A great culture improves performance and motivates both workers and clients to be part of an organization (Paais & Pattiruhu, 2020). An organization should ensure that its culture cuts across diversity and is more inclusive. Significance of Mission, Vision, and Values Statements The mission, vision, and values of an organization are highly significant. A mission statement communicates what the organization wants to achieve (Poppas et al., 2020). After reading the mission statement of an organization, one should understand the purpose of the organization. A vision statement communicates the future of the organization (Poppas et al., 2020). It provides insight into what the organization wants to achieve in future. Poppas et al. (2020) noted that a values statement shows how the organization wants to conduct its activities. The statement reflects the core ethics and principles of an organization. Significance of Mission, Vision, and Values to Patient Outcome Mission, vision, and values are significant to patient outcomes. Mission is significant to patient outcome by showing what nurses should do to achieve qualify and safe care. Vision is significant to patient outcome by showing what the organization aims to do in future to achieve better patient outcomes (Azzolini et al., 2018). Values show the ethical principles nurses should apply when providing patient care. Mission, vision, and values provide a platform for quality improvement programs to improve patient outcomes (Azzolini et al., 2018). For instance, vision provide framework for future quality improvement program or research. The elements also provide direction at which nurses can engage and provide quality and safe care. Significance of Mission, Vision, and Values to Nurse Engagement Mission, vision, and values are also significant in promoting nurse engagement. Values support nurse engagement by showing principles nurses should follow when engaging with each other in the workplace (García‐Sierra & Fernández‐Castro, 2018). Values also provide guidelines on how nurses should behave while working. The elements also create a common purpose that nurses should achieve and thus reduce conflicts. Mission and vision statements promote interprofessional collaboration, and thus improve nurse engagement (García‐Sierra & Fernández‐Castro, 2018). Nurses can engage more when working together with others to provide patient care. Factors that Cause Conflicts in Professional Practice Poor communication is one of the factors that lead to conflict in a professional practice. Poor communication can cause conflicts in professional practice by causing misunderstandings among professionals (Raykova et al., 2018). Poor communication can cause conflicts by making it hard for the nurse to understand their goals. Another factor that causes conflicts in professional practice is differing opinions. People with differing opinions in professional practice can engage in a conflict (Raykova et al., 2018). Other factors that cause conflict include a lack of respect and conflicting goals (Raykova et al., 2018). Lack of respect in professional practice is a huge source of conflict. Organizational values and culture can be used to resolve conflicts by clearly showing professionals the future of the organizations and principles they can follow when providing patient care. Strategies to Resolve Conflict and Improve Interprofessional Collaboration One of the ways to resolve workplace conflict and encourage interprofessional collaboration is effective communication. Communication can be used to solve conflicts by improving the relationship between professionals and making it easy for them to interact (Vandergoot et al., 2018). Communication can also encourage interprofessional collaboration by improving the interaction between nurses and other professionals. The second way to resolve conflict and encourage interprofessional collaboration is to understand the root of the problem. A nurse leader should work with other professionals to understand the root cause of the problem can find a solution to it (Kleib et al., 2021). The last way to resolve conflict and improve interprofessional collaboration is by practicing empathy (Kleib et al., 2021). Empathy will allow one to understand the emotions of others and how they feel about issues that led to the conflict. Organization Needs and Culture of Healthcare Organizational
Using the CSU Online Library, explore topics associated with leadership behavior
Using the CSU Online Library, explore topics associated with leadership behavior, followership behavior, and how Leaders in organizations commonly supervise a number of subordinates who may also be referred to as their followers. Using the CSU Online Library, explore topics associated with leadership behavior, followership behavior, and how followers are affected by leadership. Then, select a company that is of interest to you, and respond to the following questions/topics. Briefly describe your chosen company. Identify potential problems or issues (current or future) that your company might address if followers do not respectfully adhere to the demands of their leaders. Explain how followers can influence the behavior of leaders. Analyze how different types of leadership styles can affect the motivations, behaviors, and performances of followers. What might this company do in the future to improve leadership training methods and performance measures for all workers? Include your rationale. Your APA-formatted response must be a minimum of two pages in length (not including the title page and the references page) and must include an introduction, a thesis statement (concise summary of the main point of the paper), and a clear discussion of the topics above. Your response must include a minimum of two credible references. All sources used must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Expert Answer and Explanation Leaders and Followers’ Roles For an organization, having motivated staff can lead to the increase in the productivity, and reduce the turnover rates. A leader’s role is crucial when it comes to improve motivation among workers, and for the leader, validating employees’ work and efforts, can help motivate workers. However, the behaviors which a leader adopts or displays can affect this motivation. Surprisingly, employees play an important role in influencing the leader’s behavior, and this therefore underscores the need for the followers to positively contribute to shaping the behavior of their leader (Steinmann, Klug, & Maier, 2018). It is imperative to examine Amazon Company, describe the leader-employee conflict as a potential issue in the organization, and assess the way followers can impact the leader’s behavior. Company Description Amazon majors in selling products online, and it operates as a marketplace where individuals or businesses can sale various products. It tops the online retain industry, and it is worth $1.7 trillion. The company initially started as an online bookstore in 1994, and expanded over the years, and currently, it sales and ships electronics, among other products. The company has a history of leveraging technology to grow, and currently, it provides services such as Artificial Intelligence solutions. It equally provides a platform for cloud computing, and generates revenue by providing the platform where businesses, or sport companies can live-stream games or ongoing business programs or meetings. The Potential Issues which the Company should address While Amazon has managed to sustain expanded growth, it is not immune to the challenges such as leader-employee wrangles which occur because of the worker refusing to adhere to the leaders’ demands. This particular issue poses a threat to the company because it can hamper the efforts focused on improving the company’s productivity and performance. To address this issue, the company will need to encourage the leader to maintain boundaries, and create a work environment that encourages workers to share their concerns or views regarding organization’s procedures (Peyton, Zigarmi, & Fowler, 2019). Role of Followers in influencing Leaders’ Behaviors The followers’ role is important in shaping the behaviors of their leader. For the followers, giving a leader feedback can help the latter know whether they are doing certain things right. The feedback from these employees can also help a leader determine whether they need to change their behavior so that they can relate well with their followers. As a follower, an employee may shape how their leader behaves in terms of how they relate with the leader (Sfantou et al., 2017). When a follower demonstrates traits such as trust and honesty, a leader can emulate such an employee. Impact of the Different Leadership Styles The style a leader adopts can help motivate employees, influence their behaviors as well as performance. With servant leadership, for instance, a leader becomes more focused in mentoring others, and demonstrating to their followers how they can approach certain organizational issues. This help build a well-behaved and motivate team of workers who can perform better. With authoritarian leadership, however, this may lead to workers forcing their views on others. This may further lead to less motivation, and reduced level of performance (Belrhiti et al., 2020). The Changes needed for the Company to improve Leadership Training For the company to optimize the outcomes of the leadership training, and performance, it will need to involve workers in all aspects of the training operations. By doing this, these workers will provide input, and views on the best method for training. Conclusion In conclusion, followers should make efforts to shape the way their leaders think and behave, and they can do this by providing feedback, and building positive relationships with their leaders. In Amazon, the failure of the employees to comply with what their leader’s command can jeopardize the efforts focused on improving performance. Thus, the firm’s workers should support the leader, and adopt desirable practices which motivate their leader. References Belrhiti, Z., Van Damme, W., Belalia, A., & Marchal, B. (2020). Unravelling the role of leadership in motivation of health workers in a Moroccan public hospital: a realist evaluation. BMJ open, 10(1), e031160. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031160. Peyton, T., Zigarmi, D., & Fowler, S. N. (2019). Examining the Relationship Between Leaders’ Power Use, Followers’ Motivational Outlooks, and Followers’ Work Intentions. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2620. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02620. Sfantou, D. F., Laliotis, A., Patelarou, A. E., Sifaki-Pistolla, D., Matalliotakis, M., & Patelarou, E. (2017). Importance of Leadership Style towards Quality of Care Measures in Healthcare Settings: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 5(4), 73.Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare5040073. Steinmann, B., Klug, H., & Maier, G. W. (2018). The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2338. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02338. Place your order now for