Reflect on the mission, vision, values, and goals of your
Reflect on the mission, vision, values, and goals of your healthcare organization and provide examples of how individual employees, departments Assignment: This assignment has two parts: an essay and a business plan. PART I – develop an essay to address the following information: Reflect on the mission, vision, values, and goals of your healthcare organization and provide examples of how individual employees, departments, and work units support all four of these as a foundation for directional strategies. Describe positive and negative aspects of abandoning traditional healthcare strategic planning processes and adopting a contemporary approach. How does complexity influence budget strategies and their implementation? Give examples. Discuss the process of external and internal environmental analyses, and then speculate on scenarios that may result if these steps in strategic planning are omitted or are not done well. Discuss mechanisms that nurse manager can use to ensure they make the best decisions for supporting the financial goals of the organization. PART II – develop a Business Plan Identify an opportunity for implementing a new service or a cost-reducing idea in your organization and write a business plan to describe your idea: explain the need (why) for it, identify stakeholders (who) will be impacted, discuss the benefits versus the disadvantages, describe the costs/expenses for the idea, and outline the implementation plan. Expert Answer and Explanation PART 1: Strategic Healthcare Management Planning is a concept that is used every day in our personal lives and the same behavior also translates into the management of organizations. The top leadership of organizations usually formulate strategies to meet the mission and vision of their organization. It is important because with every organizational activity, risk and resources are usually involved and they have to be adequately managed lest the organization loses its ability to function properly. The purpose of this paper will be to expound on different aspects concerning the application of strategic management practices in healthcare. Support for Mission Vision, Values, and Goals The organization is usually driven by its mission, vision, values, and goals formulated. The efforts of all individuals and organs functioning within the organization should be aligned to realize the accomplishment of these elements. A mission statement is one that highlights where the organization is going (Cronin & Bolon, 2018). For example, the mission for the healthcare facility I work for is “to provide quality and compassionate healthcare accessible to everyone.” Vision on the other hand is the future position of where the organization wants to be, while the values are the beliefs and practices uphold by the organization (Lahey & Nelson, 2020). The values for the organization I work for include teamwork, integrity, excellence, innovation, and compassion. Our goals are aligned to meet the said mission and vision of the organization while using our core values during our transactions with other stakeholders. The role of individual employees, departments, and work units in accomplishing this mission is to ensure that they channel all their efforts into fulfilling this mission. This includes identifying and removing any barriers that may hinder collaboration or promote conflicts due to differences in personal goals and objectives (Lahey & Nelson, 2020). It is also the role of individual employees and work teams to collect information on behalf of the organization on what other competing organizations are doing to accomplish goals employees can also support all the four elements by ensuring that they align how they discharge their duties with the values of the organization. Impact of Adopting a Contemporary Approach to Strategic Planning Strategic planning was developed due to the increased complexity of how the economy and organizations operate (Esfahani et al., 2018). The used traditional approach was a systematic process that emphasized on the mission and vision of the organization without considering other factors as equally important. The processes also involved coming up with the short term, medium, and long-term objectives, which were to be followed to the latter to gain a competitive edge. However, this approach had its drawbacks which made it be abandoned for a contemporary approach that was considered to be more responsive to the current business environment (Grube & Crnkovich, 2017). One of the positive aspects of abandoning the traditional approach to strategic management and transitioning to the contemporary approach is that a more responsive process that factors in day to day operational issues is considered. This means that organizations can easily make adjustments to their strategic decisions based on the current changes in operations. Another positive aspect of adopting a contemporary approach is that it treats strategic planning as a process and not an event (Grube & Crnkovich, 2017). This means that it is continuous and adjustable to changes in both the internal and external organization environment. The negative aspect is that the contemporary approach does not offer a predictable methodology or timeframe to strategic planning as it was with the traditional approach. Budget Strategies The current environment in the management of healthcare organizations has become more and more complex with increasing risks and stakeholders to transact with. This has also made healthcare financial managers restructure their methods to adjust to these complexities; this includes the budget-making process and implementation. One of the complexities has been the adoption of the contemporary approach to strategic planning that requires adjustment of organizational strategies with changes in the internal and external business environments (Walsh, 2016). Given that these adjustments can be abrupt, it becomes difficult to forecast and give accurate budgetary figures in an environment of uncertainty (Hill, 2016). Another factor is the addition of more stakeholders involved in decision making. This means that more data needs to be collected to make accurate budgetary forecasts which can also be time-consuming (Hill, 2016). As such, there is also a likelihood that the budget implementation timelines will also be affected. Process of External and Internal Environmental Analyses In the strategic management process, one of the core steps is to carry out an internal and external organization analysis. This allows the organization to collect its efforts in response to the findings of the two analyses. The process of carrying out environmental analysis is a five-step process that includes; first an analysis of the external environment (Esfahani et al., 2018). This
Compare and contrast each of the three questions related to
Compare and contrast each of the three questions related to Managed Care Organizations, Medicare Compare and contrast each of the three questions related to Managed Care Organizations, Medicare, and Medicaid with one another and explain how they were similar and different to each other. Managed care organizations emphasize physicians’ responsibilities to control patient access to expensive hospitalization and specialty care, a principle dubbed “gatekeeping.” Some argue that “gatekeeping” is unethical because it introduces financial factors into treatment decisions. Others say it improves quality by promoting the use of the most appropriate levels of care. Medicare is an area that often gets overlooked and is seen as a burden financially. Discuss alternatives to ease the drain on Medicare resources. Medicaid is shouldering an ever-increasing burden of cost for long-term care for the elderly, with enormous impacts on state budgets throughout the nation. Discuss alternatives to ease this drain on Medicaid resources. Develop an APA-formatted essay discussing the three entities. Describe what they are and how they differ. Include an introduction to let the reader know what will be found in the essay. Create a table to provide comparison of the three entities. The table can be used as the body of the paper, or it can be added as an addendum after the Reference page. If you opt to add it as an addendum, refer to the table in the narrative in the body of the essay. As in all essays, include a conclusion to provide a summary of the material. This assignment highlights your ability to do research and display information in a table format. Include citations, as appropriate, for information in the table. Refer to chapter 7 in the APA manual, specifically pages 223 -224 for information on tables using words for displaying information. Required Source Sultz, H. A., & Young, K. A. (2017). Health care USA: Understanding its organization and delivery (9th ed.). Jones & Bartlett. Read Chapter 8. The following specifications are required for this assignment: Length: 750 words Structure: Include a title page and reference page in APA style. These do not count towards the minimal word amount for this assignment. References: Use the appropriate APA style in-text citations and references for all resources utilized to answer the questions. Include at least two (2) scholarly sources to support your claims. Format: Save your assignment as a Microsoft Word document (.doc or .docx). File Name: Name your saved file according to your first initial, last name, and the module number (for example, “RHall Module 1.docx”) Expert Answer and Explanation Healthcare Finance In the United States (US), healthcare is paid for or financed in a variety of ways. One of the ways is the out-of-pocket method where individuals pay directly for services they have been offered. The second way is private insurance. Other people have health insurance coverage as a tax-free benefit from their employer (Sultz & Young, 2017). Most working individuals are covered by employer-provided healthcare insurance, a managed care plan, such as a Health Maintenance Organization, or traditional indemnity insurance. The third method is public insurance and programs. For instance, the government has Military Health Insurance to cover the health of military personnel and their dependents as well as veterans. Other health insurance programs run by the government include Medicare, Medicaid, and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) (Sultz & Young, 2017). People often confuse Medicare, Managed Care Organizations (MCOs), and Medicaid. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast Medicare, Managed Care Organizations (MCOs), and Medicaid by giving their similarities and differences. The Three Entities The first entity is MCO. MCOs are integrated organizations in the healthcare system focused on managed care as a method of reducing care costs while maintaining a high quality of care. The focus of MCOs is to reduce the cost of care while keeping the quality high. There are four types of MCOs (Seiler et al., 2022). The first type is Health Maintenance Organization (HMO). HMO manages care by requiring beneficiaries to see a network of health providers at a much lower cost. It also needs beneficially to see their primary care provider (PCP) before any provider who is not in the network. The second type is Preferred Provider Organization (PPO). This form of MCO allows one to see any doctor they like, in the network or outside (Opoku et al., 2022). The beneficially may pay less for seeing an in-network provider and higher for the outside network provider. The third is Point of Service (POS). This program combines HMO and PPO where one can see providers in and outside the network but at slightly higher costs. The last type is Exclusive Provider Organization (EPO) (Opoku et al., 2022). It also combines HMOs and PPOs’ features. Its costs are less than PPO but higher than HMO. The second entity is the Medicare program. Medical is a federal health insurance program for some young people with disabilities, adults aged 65 years or older, and individuals with End-Stage Renal Disease (Agarwal et al., 2021). Drain in Medicare resources can be eased through the following alternatives. First, reducing unnecessary complications and preventable readmissions. Complications and readmission increase the cost of care and thus puts more burden on Medicare (Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, n.d). Second, the drain can be reduced by decreasing the use of high-cost drugs. Lastly, the program should use the value-based model to pay physicians where they are paid based on efficiency, quality, and care coordination. The third entity is the Medicaid program. Medicaid is a health insurance program that provides health coverage to millions of US citizens, including children, low-income adults, elderly adults and people with disabilities, and pregnant women (Linder et al., 2018). States administer the program based on federal requirements. The program is funded both by the federal government and state governments. Drain in Medicaid resources can be eased through the following alternatives. First. Physician payment should be modified to decrease unnecessary care. physicians should be paid using the salaried system with a relatively modest bonus for quality (Linder et al.,
Mrs. J is a 63-year-old married woman who has a history of
[ANSWERED] Mrs. J is a 63-year-old married woman who has a history of hypertension, chronic heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) It is necessary for an RN-BSN-prepared nurse to demonstrate an enhanced understanding of the pathophysiological processes of disease, the clinical manifestations and treatment protocols, and how they affect clients across the life span. Evaluate the Health History and Medical Information for Mrs. J., presented below. Based on this information, formulate a conclusion based on your evaluation, and complete the Critical Thinking Essay assignment, as instructed below. Health History and Medical Information Health History Mrs. J is a 63-year-old married woman who has a history of hypertension, chronic heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Despite requiring 2L of oxygen/nasal cannula at home during activity, she continues to smoke two packs of cigarettes a day and has done so for 40 years. Three days ago, she had sudden onset of flu-like symptoms including fever, productive cough, nausea, and malaise. Over the past 3 days, she has been unable to perform ADLs and has required assistance in walking short distances. She has not taken her antihypertensive medications or medications to control her heart failure for 3 days. Today, she has been admitted to the hospital ICU with acute decompensated heart failure and acute exacerbation of COPD. Subjective Data Is very anxious and asks whether she is going to die. Denies pain but says she feels like she cannot get enough air. Says her heart feels like it is “running away.” Reports that she is exhausted and cannot eat or drink by herself. Objective Data Height 175 cm; Weight 95.5kg. Vital signs: T 37.6C, HR 118 and irregular, RR 34, BP 90/58. Cardiovascular: Distant S1, S2, S3 present; PMI at sixth ICS and faint: all peripheral pulses are 1+; bilateral jugular vein distention; initial cardiac monitoring indicates a ventricular rate of 132 and atrial fibrillation. Respiratory: Pulmonary crackles; decreased breath sounds right lower lobe; coughing frothy blood-tinged sputum; SpO2 82%. Gastrointestinal: BS present: hepatomegaly 4cm below costal margin. Intervention The following medications administered through drug therapy control her symptoms: IV furosemide (Lasix) Enalapril (Vasotec) Metoprolol (Lopressor) IV morphine sulphate (Morphine) Inhaled short-acting bronchodilator (ProAir HFA) Inhaled corticosteroid (Flovent HFA) Oxygen delivered at 2L/ NC Critical Thinking Essay In 750-1,000 words, critically evaluate Mrs. J.’s situation. Include the following: Describe the clinical manifestations present in Mrs. J. Discuss whether the nursing interventions at the time of her admissions were appropriate for Mrs. J. and explain the rationale for each of the medications listed. Describe four cardiovascular conditions that may lead to heart failure and what can be done in the form of medical/nursing interventions to prevent the development of heart failure in each condition. Taking into consideration the fact that most mature adults take at least six prescription medications, discuss four nursing interventions that can help prevent problems caused by multiple drug interactions in older patients. Provide a rationale for each of the interventions you recommend. Provide a health promotion and restoration teaching plan for Mrs. J., including multidisciplinary resources for rehabilitation and any modifications that may be needed. Explain how the rehabilitation resources and modifications will assist the patients’ transition to independence. Describe a method for providing education for Mrs. J. regarding medications that need to be maintained to prevent future hospital admission. Provide rationale. Outline COPD triggers that can increase exacerbation frequency, resulting in return visits. Considering Mrs. J.’s current and long-term tobacco use, discuss what options for smoking cessation should be offered. You are required to cite to a minimum of two sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and relevant to nursing practice. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance. EXPERT ANSWER AND EXPLANATION Patient Assessment and Treatment One’s physiological wellbeing depends on a wide range of factors including lifestyle behaviors. The prolonged use of the psychotic substances, for example, can expose one to the risk of developing health problems, and the nature of the medical condition one develops depends on the substance they use. For instance, smoking tobacco exposes smokers to the risk of developing respiratory issues. Equally, the type of food one eats and their levels of physical activity can have a certain level of impact on their physiological wellbeing. It is imperative to explore the case of patient with COPD, in terms of the effectiveness of the intervention she receives, and examine the contributors to the heart failure. Mrs. J’s Clinical Manifestations Based on the Mrs. J’s medical history and subjective data, she exhibits a number of clinical manifestations. One of these manifestations is the acute exacerbation of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Another clinical manifestation present in the patient is acute decompensated heart failure. These two conditions explain the reason why she experiences difficulties breathing, and her heart rate is irregular. She has Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). Mrs. J also shows sign of hypertension considering that her blood pressure level is 90/58, and this is more than the 120/80 average (Lin et al., 2016). Additionally, the patient has fever, and besides this fever, she cannot perform Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). She coughs blood-tinged sputum, and this indicates a possible respiratory problem. Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Nursing Interventions Mrs. J takes a number of medications to help promote her recovery, and while these medications are effective, some may not be necessary in her case. She takes IV furosemide, and this intervention is appropriate based on her case. This is because this medication would help relieve her heart failure problem by helping improve the heart’s blood-pumping capacity. Given the patient’s
A mother comes in with 9 month old girl. The infant is 68.5cm
A mother comes in with 9 month old girl. The infant is 68.5cm in length (25th percentile per CDC growth chart) DQ1: Consider the following patient scenario: A mother comes in with 9 month old girl. The infant is 68.5cm in length (25th percentile per CDC growth chart), weighs 6.75kg (5th percentile per CDC growth chart), and has a head circumference of 43cm (25th percentile per CDC growth chart). Describe the developmental markers a nurse should assess for a 9–month–old female infant. Discuss the recommendations you would give the mother. Explain why these recommendations are based on evidence-based practice. DQ 2: Child abuse and maltreatment is not limited to a particular age—it can occur in the infant, toddler, preschool, and school-age years. Choose one of the four age groups and outline the types of abuse most commonly seen among children of that age. Describe warning signs and physical and emotional assessment findings the nurse may see that could indicate child abuse. Discuss cultural variations of health practices that can be misidentified as child abuse. Describe the reporting mechanism in your state and nurse responsibilities related to the reporting of suspected child abuse. DQ 1: Expert Answer and Explanation Health Assessment for Infant For a 9 month female infant at 25th percentile of height and head circumference, yet only in the 5th percentile in terms of weight demystifies that the infant is underweight. The CDC provides essential developmental markers that a nurse should consider when assessing the nine-month-old female infant (CDC, 2019). For instance, at the age of 9 months, the infant ought to have developed social and emotional markers such as being afraid of strangers, recognizing favorite toys, and being clingy to familiar adults. Communication makers include the ability to copy sound or gestures, use finders to point, and understanding “no.” In terms of the cognitive and physical development, the infant should be able to watch the path of a falling object, put items in mouth, move objects from one hand to the other, sit without support, crawling, and standing while holding on to something (CDC, 2019). The assessment can also include the nutritional and dieting aspect of the infant. As a nurse, I would recommend improvements regarding nutrition and diet, increased movements, and mental alertness. The recommendation is in light of the infant’s underweight appearance. I would first discuss with the mother the importance of a proper diet and nutritional value to the growth of the baby both physically and mentally (Green, 2018). I will also inquire about the breastfeeding routines if the infant is being given other formulas that improve their growth. It is essential for the mother to comprehend the relevance of breastfeeding and the type of food that an infant can begin to eat after the six months following the delivery. It is also essential to offer the mother nutrition awareness materials such as handouts so that she can refer and offer the child with appropriate meals for weight gain. References CDC. (2019). What developmental milestones is your 9-month-old reaching? Retrieved 18 May 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/milestones-9mo.html Green, S. (2018). Health assessment: Foundations for effective practice. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs434vn/health-assessment-foundations-for-effective-practice/v1.1/ Alternative Expert Answer Developmental Markers for a 9-Month Old Baby When assessing a 9-month old female infant for any developmental issues, a nurse has to look at the developmental markers for a child at this age. On average, a female baby at this age weighs 8.2 kg. For a child at this age, still, their average length is 70.1 cm, and the size of their head is 44.5 cm. Although a baby starts to crawl when they reach this age, not all crawl when they hit 9 month after birth, and they may start walking after the 12 month. The baby also sits, babbles and express interest in picking things. Additionally, they reach for objects while sited, and they may pool themselves up using tables or chairs (Tandon, 2017). The child may express anxiety when separated from their parents. When examining this child, the nurse would need to take to consideration the fact that a baby at 9 months can respond to their name, and they know their parents (Breiner et al., 2016). The baby in the case seems to be experiencing the developmental issues. The baby’s weight is 6.75 kg which is lower than the average 8.2 kg. Their length is 68.5 cm, and this is slightly below the average length of 70.1 cm for female babies at this age. The circumference of her head is also slightly lower than that the average. As a nurse, I would recommend to the parent to encourage the baby to move. This would be important in helping build the baby’s muscles. The parent may hold the baby’s hands and pull them while they walk together (Tandon, 2017). It is also important for the parent to consider feeding the child a meal rich in protein so that the child gets to meet her nutritional needs. This would help her gain weight. These recommendations can translate to better clinical outcomes because a number of studies link practice and nutrition to the improved child development (Tandon, 2017). References Breiner, H., Ford, M. A., Gadsden, V. L., & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.). (2016). Parenting matters: Supporting parents of children ages 0-8. Washington: National Academies Press. Tandon, M. (2017). Early Childhood Mental Health: Empirical Assessment and Intervention from Conception through Preschool, An Issue of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Amsterdam: Elsevier. DQ 2: Expert Answer and Explanation Child Abuse and Maltreatment Child neglect is the most common form of child abuse that school going children go through. The maltreatment has the capacity to negatively affect all aspects of their lives while in school. Poor grades and low self-esteem are some of the negative results of this form of maltreatment in school-going children (Zeanah, & Humphreys, 2019). Physical abuse is the second form of child maltreatment that is common in school-going children. Physical abuse may present itself in different forms. Beatings, stabbing, punching and kicking are ideal examples of physical abuses meted upon school going children. There are
[ANSWERED 2024] An understanding of the neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critically important component of disease
An understanding of the neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critically important component of disease Module 5 Assignment: Case Study Analysis An understanding of the neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critically important component of disease and disorder diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the impact that that these two systems can have on each other. A variety of factors and circumstances affecting the emergence and severity of issues in one system can also have a role in the performance of the other. Effective analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their mutual impact. For example, patient characteristics such as, racial and ethnic variables can play a role. In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health. To prepare: By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor. Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis) A 58-year-old obese white male presents to ED with chief complaint of fever, chills, pain, and swelling in the right great toe. He states the symptoms came on very suddenly and he cannot put any weight on his foot. Physical exam reveals exquisite pain on any attempt to assess the right first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. Past medical history positive for hypertension and Type II diabetes mellitus. Current medications include hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg po q am, and metformin 500 mg po bid. CBC normal except for elevated sedimentation rate (ESR) of 33 mm/hr and C-reactive protein (CRP) 24 mg/L. Metabolic panel normal. Uric acid level 6.7 mg/dl In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following: Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms. Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning. How these processes interact to affect the patient. Expert Answer and Explanation Alteration of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Systems Pathophysiologic Processes According to Jung et al. (2017), the chills, fever, swelling, and pain in the right great toe are as a result of the inflammation of the musculoskeletal system in the toe area. The authors also note that different body structures, such as joints, tendons, muscles, nerves, and bones, tend to have various physio-pathological mechanisms behind the signs. One common alteration for most neurological and musculoskeletal conditions is the misalliance between the external load due to physical posture and exertion and the ability of the human body to hold the load. The frequency of the load and the duration are also so significant. Clark et al. (2017) note that the capacity to withhold the pressure exerted by the loads on muscles depends on gender, general health, and age. Pain is a neurological sensation and is a sign that a specific tissue in the body id damaged. All tissues, including the muscle tissues, have the pain-sensitive nerves. In this case, the pain was feeling pain because the nerve cells in the muscles sensed that there was high mechanical pressure on the inflamed muscles and joints (Clark et al., 2017). The patient cannot put weight on his foot because the nerves have sent the stimulus to the spinal cord, which orders the motors reflex to move away from the swollen foot. Racial/Ethnic Variables that may Impact Physiological Functioning A study done by Booker et al. (2019) aimed to understand the difference in muscle strength and lean mass in different ethnic groups. The authors found that there was higher lean mass among Hispanic and black ethnic men compared to white men. However, the researchers found that there were lower physical function levels among Hispanic and black men. As a result, Hispanic and African American people are more likely to suffer neurological and musculoskeletal conditions compared to white individuals. Another study done by El Khoudary et al. (2019) showed that African American subjects had greater strength and appendicular lean mass compared to white subjects. However, African American subjects had lower muscle quality than white participants. This study concluded that African American people have higher BMI compared to whites because of their lower muscle quality. Fujishiro et al. (2017) did a study and found that black women have higher bone and skeletal mass compared to white women. The study also found that there were higher levels of serum testosterone in African American women compared to white women. How the Processes Interact to Affect the Patient The patient is a white male, and this means that he has high levels of physical functioning. El Khoudary et al. (2019) note that high physical functioning can help reduce the risks of suffering conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, arthritis, and hypertension. People recording high physical functioning can suffer muscle or joint injury that can cause pain and inflammation on the tissues around the affected muscle. Being white, the patient has lower lean mass, muscle strength, skeletal mass, and bone mass. Therefore, he cannot withstand prolonged mechanical loading of the tendons. The patient’s obese weight is likely to exert pressure on his tendons hence causing pain and swollen toe muscle (Fujishiro et al., 2017). Overall, a person with higher BMI (obese) and lower skeletal muscle risk injuring his or her musculoskeletal muscles and developing conditions, such as arthritis. References Booker, S., Cardoso, J., Cruz-Almeida, Y., Sibille, K. T., Terry, E. L., Powell-Roach, K. L., … & Staud, R. (2019). Movement-evoked pain, physical function, and perceived stress: An observational study of ethnic/racial differences in aging non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites with knee osteoarthritis. Experimental Gerontology, 124, 110622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2019.05.011 Clark, J., Nijs, J., Yeowell, G., & Goodwin, P. C. (2017). What are the predictors of altered central pain modulation in chronic musculoskeletal pain populations? A Systematic review. Pain physician, 20(6), 487-500. Official URL: http://www.painphysicianjournal.com/ El Khoudary, S. R., Greendale, G., Crawford, S. L., Avis, N. E., Brooks,
[ANSWERED 2023] Among the Resources in this module is the Rutherford (2008) article Standardized Nursing Language: What Does It Mean for Nursing Practice? In this article
Among the Resources in this module is the Rutherford (2008) article Standardized Nursing Language: What Does It Mean for Nursing Practice? Among the Resources in this module is the Rutherford (2008) article Standardized Nursing Language: What Does It Mean for Nursing Practice? In this article, the author recounts a visit to a local hospital to view the recent implementation of a new coding system. During the visit, one of the nurses commented to her, “We document our care using standardized nursing languages but we don’t fully understand why we do” (Rutherford, 2008, para. 1). How would you respond to a comment such as this one? To Prepare: Review the concepts of informatics as presented in the Resources, particularly Rutherford, M. (2008) Standardized Nursing Language: What Does It Mean for Nursing Practice? Reflect on the role of a nurse leader as a knowledge worker. Consider how knowledge may be informed by data that is collected/accessed. The Assignment: In a 2- to 3-page paper, address the following: Explain how you would inform this nurse (and others) of the importance of standardized nursing terminologies. Describe the benefits and challenges of implementing standardized nursing terminologies in nursing practice. Be specific and provide examples. Be sure to support your paper with peer-reviewed research on standardized nursing terminologies that you consulted from the Walden Library. Answer Importance of Standardized Nursing Terminologies The emphasis on delivery of the safe care is growing, and this warrants the need for the nursing practitioners to clearly, and accurately document clinical information including the details of the patient assessment and interventions. The accuracy and clarity with which these providers document the information is dependent on whether they use the Standardized Nursing Terminologies (SNTs). The SNTs consist of the terminologies which users can use to share and document information. This prevents cases where the lack of the clarity of the information which stems from the provider deciding not to use the SNTs, affects its meaning (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017). This study examines the approach of informing nursing practitioners the SNTs’ benefits, and the benefits and risks associated with the implementation of these terminologies. Communication and Benefits The idea of communicating the essence of the SNTs to the nurses is important because it helps them be aware of the availability and usability of these SNTs, and the person doing the communication can realize this objective by utilizing various methods. One of the most effective approach to communicating these benefits is organizing a conference meeting where nurses can meet, and directly informing them of the benefits they are likely to accrue if they use the SNTs. The organizational memo can also be an effective way of delivering this information. When using it as a platform for communication, the individual delivering the message concerning the benefits of the SNTs may either post the memo on the strategic areas within the hospital premises, or send the memo to nurses’ emails addresses. However, they can also utilize the journals (Rutherford, 2008). The professional nursing journals can particularly be useful when it comes to communicating the value of the SNTs. Benefits and Challenges While the implementation of the SNTs can be important, it can present various challenges. A key benefit that an organization can derive from implementing the SNTs is effective communication. The SNTs present common terminologies which can be effective in relaying clinical information, and this ultimately makes it possible for the clinicians to effectively share information. Sometimes, the need arises for the information to be in a form which only the providers can internalize. The use of the SNTs makes this possible in the sense that the codes or the taxonomies only make sense to clinicians, and people who do not know the meanings of these terminologies may not understand the conveyed message (Thew, 2016). This ultimately helps secure the clinical data. The visibility of the nursing care, furthermore, becomes more noticeable with the use of the SNTs given that the conventional approach in which the nurse verbally communicate to colleagues presents visibility issues (Macieria et al., 2019). However, the SNTs do not have atomic level terminologies, and this can hamper the efforts aimed at developing the SNTs. Conclusion Reflecting on the discussion of the SNTs, it is clear that incorporating the SNTs into clinical practice can have significant benefits to the hospital, and it is therefore important that nurses understand the usefulness of the SNTs. Informing nurses about the merits of these terminologies may help them adopt a more positive attitudes towards the use of these terminologies. Consequently, they are likely to accommodate and encourage the use of these terminologies to document information. The security of the clinical information, and the improved visibility of the clinical intervention are some of the outcomes linked to the use of the SNTs. References Macieria, T. G. R., Smith, M. B., Davis, N., Yao, Y., Wilkie, D. J., Lopez, K. D., & Keenan, G. (2017). Evidence of progress in making nursing practice visible using standardized nursing data: A systematic review. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, 2017, 1205–1214. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5977718/. McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2017). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Rutherford, M. A. (2008). Standardized nursing language: What does it mean for nursing practice? Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 13(1), 1–12. doi:10.3912/OJIN.Vol13No01PPT05. Thew, J. (2016, April 19). Big data means big potential, challenges for nurse execs. Retrieved from https://www.healthleadersmedia.com/nursing/big-data-means-big-potential-challenges-nurse-execs. Place your order now for a similar assignment and get fast, cheap and best quality work written by our expert level assignment writers.Use Coupon Code: NEW30 to Get 30% OFF Your First Order Resources McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2017). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Chapter 25, “The Art of Caring in Technology-Laden Environments” (pp. 525–535) Chapter 26, “Nursing Informatics and the Foundation of Knowledge” (pp. 537–551) American Nurses Association. (2018). Inclusion of recognized terminologies supporting nursing practice within electronic health records and other health information technology solutions. Retrieved from https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing–excellence/official-position-statements/id/Inclusion-of-Recognized-Terminologies-Supporting-Nursing-Practice-within-Electronic-Health-Records/ Macieria, T. G. R., Smith, M. B., Davis, N.,
[ANSWERED 2023] Social media plays a significant role in the lives of nurses in both their professional and personal lives.
Social media plays a significant role in the lives of nurses in both their professional and personal lives. Additionally, social media is now considered a mainstream part of the process for recruiting and hiring candidates Social media plays a significant role in the lives of nurses in both their professional and personal lives. Additionally, social media is now considered a mainstream part of the process for recruiting and hiring candidates. Inappropriate or unethical conduct on social media can create legal problems for nurses as well as the field of nursing. Login to all social media sites in which you engage. Review your profile, pictures and posts. Based on the professional standards of nursing, identify items that would be considered unprofessional and potentially detrimental to your career and that negatively impact the reputation of the nursing field. In 500-750 words, summarize the findings of your review. Include the following: Describe the posts or conversations in which you have engaged that might be considered inappropriate based on the professional standards of nursing. Discuss why nurses have a responsibility to uphold a standard of conduct consistent with the standards governing the profession of nursing at work and in their personal lives. Include discussion of how personal conduct can violate HIPAA or be considered unethical or unprofessional. Provide an example of each to support your answer. Based on the analysis of your social media, discuss what areas of your social media activity reflect Christian values as they relate to respecting human value and dignity for all individuals. Describe areas of your social media activity that could be improved. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance. Answer Social media is a crucial tool among healthcare givers as it is serves as a vital source of information and a channel communication among nurses. Through social media, nurses can foster proper nurse-patient relations by engaging them in practical nursing-based discussions that help them improve the outcomes of care. Unfortunately, there are times when social media channels can be used to channel unprofessionalism among nurses, where irresponsible workers fail to adhere to the set nursing code of conduct when using social media. Health care workers must learn to place boundaries between personal and professional social media posts. The use of social media among nurses is restrictive to professional standards of nursing that are set by the American Nurses Association (ANA). Despite the great merits that the use of social media can obtain, nurses must ensure they portray professional behavior in social media, adhere to ANA rules that dictate that nurses should not share any patient information in social media, and also uphold the HIPAA privacy violation rules. Inappropriate Posts Based on Professional Nursing Standards Any social media post by all nurses must convey professional behavior and must ensure patients confidentiality. Some examples of unprofessional behavior among nurses Include but are not limited to alcohol or drug use, racist comments, use of vulgar language, sexually explicit images, undesirable comments regarding employer or co-workers, and any harassing comments. Nurses might violate Patients’ privacy by posting patients’ photos or details, whether intentional or unintentional. In the course of pursuing my nursing career, I might have violated some of these rules. After an exhausting day in one of my nursing shifts, I vented my frustrations on social medial, specifically among my friends in a WhatsApp group after a drunk patient vomited near my working area. The alcohol in the content he vomited made the smell unbearable, and out of rage, I used profane words to describe the patient. In one of my Facebook posts, I mentioned one of my irritable patients who addressed me rudely and asked for another nurse to tend to them. After an extensive study on nursing professional standards, I have learned to adhere to the professional nursing rules in my social media encounters and avoid any posts that might violate the rules. Why Nurses Have a Responsibility to Uphold Standard of Conduct Nursing professionals are responsible for upholding a standard of conduct because they are highly regarded as the primary caregivers among patients and can easily access any patient’s private information. Nurses’ social media presence should convey a high level of professionalism as well as their physical presence. The main reason for the set professional standards is to ensure safe and clinically proficient nurses. The rules provide a basis for evaluating and analyzing the performance of nurses. If the employer suspects neglect of a nurse’s care or a deviation from the professional ethic, the employer can choose the correct course of action. An example of the inappropriate action is any breach in keeping a patient’s private records or personal information, such as leaking their area of residence, photos, or the illness they are suffering from, which is a breach of HIPAA privacy rules. The portrayal of any unethical behavior by nurses, such as rudeness, racial tendencies, or harassment, should be duly addressed. Unprofessional nurses might lead to the loss of patients and the overall fall of an organization, and hence health organizations should educate on the importance of maintaining professional standards. Social Media Activities that Reflect Christian Values Following the HIPAA privacy rules by not posting patients’ photos, avoiding negative comments about patients, and not disclosing any patients’ details shows Christian values. It reflects respect for patients’ values and integrity. As a nurse, I seek to uphold the values in social media by non-disclosure of any information regarding my patients and entirely to avoid using patients’ photos in posts. I am bound by my Christian values to avoid uncouth behavior towards patients and treat each patient with compassion. I uphold equal treatment of each patient regardless of
Assume you are a nurse manager on a unit where a new nursing
Assume you are a nurse manager on a unit where a new nursing documentation system is to be implemented. You want to ensure that the system will be usable and acceptable for the nurses impacted. You realize a nurse leader must be on the implementation team. To Prepare: • Review the steps of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and reflect on the scenario presented. • Consider the benefits and challenges associated with involving a nurse leader on an implementation team for health information technology Portfolio The Assignment: (2-3 pages) In preparation of filling this role, develop a 2- to 3-page role description for a graduate-level nurse to guide his/her participation on the implementation team. The role description should be based on the SDLC stages and tasks and should clearly define how this individual will participate in and impact each of the following steps: • Planning and requirements definition • Analysis • Design of the new system • Implementation • Post-implementation support Expert Answer and Explanation Role of the Nurse Informatics in System Development and Implementation The development of the informatics systems encompasses the different stages that collectively form the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). For a manager and a leader in a healthcare organization, the knowledge of the SDLC is crucial in the sense that it facilitates their preparation, making it possible for them to be aware of the requirements at different levels of system development. When involving a graduate-level nurse (GN) in SDLC, a unit nurse manager should present a role description, describing the nurse’s role at various stages of the SDLC (Risling & Risling, 2020). Focusing on the SDLC stages, it is important to describe the GN’s role in SDLC, highlighting the various ways in which they would participate in the implementation of an informatics system. Planning and Requirements As the initial stage of the SDLC, planning involves various tasks such as defining an issue that necessitates the development of the system, and outlining the system requirements. During this phase of the SDLC, the GN contributes to defining the system’s objectives and scope. Given their experience and expertise, they understand the different professionals who are likely to use the system. Accordingly, they would identify the stakeholders that are likely to contribute to the adoption of the system. Their role during the planning also involves participating in performing needs assessment, identifying the areas of concern (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2022). For instance, they may identify the challenges associated with the paper-based documentation systems, and work with nurse leaders to come up with meaningful solutions. System Analysis Analysis stage emphasizes defining the requirements by collecting, analyzing and validating data, and at this point, the GN collaborates with the other parties involved in the project implementation, evaluating the workflow including the efficiency of the clinical operations. In their capacity as nurse leaders, their input into the SDLC involves determining the barriers that may slow down the development of the system, and contributing to the assessment of the risks (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, n.d.a). This identification of the risk is important because it helps inform the formulation of the meaningful solutions that can help avert the risks. Because capturing the clinical requirements in the design of the system can be a challenge, involving the GN is important because they can act as a link between those working in clinical setting and the team tasked with implementing the system. System Design The GN’s role is critical during the system design stage which involves transforming the requirements including what is captured into the plan, to a plan that defines the technical measures to be undertaken to complete the system. At this point, the GN adopts a collaborative approach, working together with the stakeholders involved in system development, to come up with a technical plan that comprises the workflow including the user interface. Additionally, they share pertinent information that can assist with designing of the system (Singletary & Baker, 2019). For instance, they may recommend the details about the features that that can improve the usability of the system or make it user-friendly. Considering their experience, they can share information about the challenges they faced while using a system. The designers can design the system with this information in mind, designing a more potent system with desirable features. System Implementation When it comes to the system implementation, the GN’s role becomes more noticeable as they perform various tasks including training members of the clinical staff on how to use the system. While this training is meant to equip the staff with adequate technical skills that they can apply in using the system, the training helps them understand the expectations and the benefits associated with the system. Given the challenges associated with adopting a new system, they may work closely with the change managers, ensuring that the process of shifting to a new system succeeds (Hauschild et al., 2022). At this phase, still, they test the system to determine whether it is functioning effectively according to the requirements. In case they notice any issue with the system, they involve the technical team to rectify the issue or recommend replacing the dysfunctional system parts. Post-Implementation Support During the post-implementation phase, giving of the feedback becomes necessary because this feedback helps with gauging the effectiveness of the system. This feedback particularly comes from the nurses or other health workers who use the system, and it may range from the problems experienced by users while using it, to any suggestions that may help improve user experience. Leveraging this feedback, the implementation team can decide how to improve the performance or optimize usability (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, n.d.b). Following the implementation, they may be responsible of monitoring how the clinical staff uses it, ensuring that they use it a way that conforms to the required safety and data security standards. Conclusion In overview, the engagement of the GN in SDLC is crucial because they can immensely contribute to the adoption of the new system given
[ANSWERED 2024] Post a description of the focus of your scenario. Describe the data that could be used and how the data might be collected and accessed
Post a description of the focus of your scenario. Describe the data that could be used and In the modern era, there are few professions that do not to some extent rely on data. Stockbrokers rely on market data to advise clients on financial matters. Meteorologists rely on weather data to forecast weather conditions, while realtors rely on data to advise on the purchase and sale of property. In these and other cases, data not only helps solve problems, but adds to the practitioner’s and the discipline’s body of knowledge. Of course, the nursing profession also relies heavily on data. The field of nursing informatics aims to make sure nurses have access to the appropriate date to solve healthcare problems, make decisions in the interest of patients, and add to knowledge. In this Discussion, you will consider a scenario that would benefit from access to data and how such access could facilitate both problem-solving and knowledge formation. To Prepare: Reflect on the concepts of informatics and knowledge work as presented in the Resources. Consider a hypothetical scenario based on your own healthcare practice or organization that would require or benefit from the access/collection and application of data. Your scenario may involve a patient, staff, or management problem or gap. By Day 3 of Week 1 Post a description of the focus of your scenario. Describe the data that could be used and how the data might be collected and accessed. What knowledge might be derived from that data? How would a nurse leader use clinical reasoning and judgment in the formation of knowledge from this experience? Expert Answer and Explanation The Application of Data to Problem-Solving Description of Scenario In the hospital, there are many forms of data collection including patients’ demographic information, laboratory tests, prescription drugs, physiologic monitoring data, patient insurance, hospitalization, and hospital administrative functions (Kohl et al., 2017). In my facility, once of the scenarios where data is used in problem-solving is the management of chronic conditions. Patients with chronic diseases come to the hospital often, as they need to have constant checkups and regular medications in order to manage their conditions. Description of the Data that Could be Used The data that could be used in my scenario include the number of symptoms that are presented and the time that the symptoms have been seen in the patients. The data can be collected from the patients through the regular laboratory diagnostic procedures, and can be accessed from the records of patients’ medical history. Knowledge that Might be Derived from the Data Some of the information that could be derived from the data is new information about the trends in the chronic illnesses. Other information include the resistance of the drugs that are used to manage some of the infections that are associated with the chronic diseases (Zwar et al., 2017). How a Nurse Leader would Use Clinical Reasoning and Judgment in Knowledge Formation Nurse leaders can use clinical reasoning and judgment in the formation of knowledge from this experience in many ways. Firstly, they would understand the essence of accuracy in data collection and recording, as making mistakes could lead to numerous negative implications on clinical decisions (Branting, 2017). Also, proper use of clinical data improves on the knowledge of the management of chronic conditions. References Branting, L. K. (2017). Data-centric and logic-based models for automated legal problem solving. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 25(1), 5-27. Kohl, S., Schoenfelder, J., Fügener, A., & Brunner, J. O. (2019). The use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in healthcare with a focus on hospitals. Health care management science, 22(2), 245-286. Zwar, N., Harris, M., Griffiths, R., Roland, M., Dennis, S., Powell Davies, G., & Hasan, I. (2017). A systematic review of chronic disease management. Alternative Expert Answer and Explanation Nursing Informatics To enhance patient safety within a healthcare facility, there are a lot of dynamics that come into play. The number of missed nursing care, the number of patients’ vis-a-vis the care providers, the number of fall rates as a result of design aspects of the facilities, to list a few. These are some of the key features that need to be assessed with a conclusive solution realized to any issues concerning patient safety. However, to assist in the process, collection and assessment of data is vital. With the evolution of healthcare systems through technology advances, collecting information in a healthcare setup has become simpler (McBride & Tietze, 2018). Using the example above where patient safety is supposed to be bolstered, there are different sets of data that may be of help. For example, data on the number of admissions per unit can be collected and the nursing staff adjusted as per the need of individual units as a result, reducing physical and emotional nurse burnout that may result in poor safety outcomes for the patient. Another data that can be collected is the number of fall rates and the reason why they occurred in the first place. This data can be used to facilitate changes within the hospital setting to secure better patient safety. For a nurse leader, the collection of such data is vital, especially in the decision-making process. From the collected information, the nurse leader can decide to allocate more nurses on a case-by-case scenario with an increase in the number of patients in different patient units. A nurse leader can also call for structural changes within the facility to reduce patient fall rates. Therefore, with the use of nursing informatics, a nurse leader should always assess areas for improvement by collecting relevant data that can be used to formulate organizational changes to bolster patient safety (Lee et al., 2017). References Lee, T. Y., Sun, G. T., Kou, L. T., & Yeh, M. L. (2017). The use of information technology to enhance patient safety and nursing efficiency. Technology and Health Care, 25(5), 917-928. DOI: 10.3233/THC-170848 McBride, S., & Tietze, M. (2018). Nursing informatics for the advanced practice nurse: patient safety, quality, outcomes, and interprofessionalism. Springer Publishing Company. Place your order
[ANSWERED 2023] Post an explanation of at least two opportunities that currently exist for RNs and APRNs to actively participate in policy review
Post an explanation of at least two opportunities that currently exist for RNs and APRNs to actively participate in policy review Some nurses may be hesitant to get involved with policy evaluation. The preference may be to focus on the care and well-being of their patients; some nurses may feel ill-equipped to enter the realm of policy and political activities. However, as you have examined previously, who better to advocate for patients and effective programs and polices than nurses? Already patient advocates in interactions with doctors and leadership, why not with government and regulatory agencies? In this Discussion, you will reflect on the role of professional nurses in policy evaluation. To Prepare: In the Module 4 Discussion, you considered how professional nurses can become involved in policy-making. Review the Resources and reflect on the role of professional nurses in policy evaluation. By Day 3 of Week 9 Post an explanation of at least two opportunities that currently exist for RNs and APRNs to actively participate in policy review. Explain some of the challenges that these opportunities may present and describe how you might overcome these challenges. Finally, recommend two strategies you might make to better advocate for or communicate the existence of these opportunities. Be specific and provide examples. Resources Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Chapter 7, “Health Policy and Social Program Evaluation” (pp. 116–124 only) Glasgow, R. E., Lichtenstein, E., & Marcus, A. C. (2003). Why don’t we see more translation of health promotion research to practice? Rethinking the efficacy-to-effectiveness transition. American Journal of Public Health, 93(8), 1261–1267. Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases. Shiramizu, B., Shambaugh, V., Petrovich, H., Seto, T. B., Ho, T., Mokuau, N., & Hedges, J. R. (2016). Leading by success: Impact of a clinical and translational research infrastructure program to address health inequities. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 4(5), 983–991. doi:10.1007/s40615-016-0302-4 Williams, J. K., & Anderson, C. M. (2018). Omics research ethics considerations. Nursing Outlook, 66(4), 386–393. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2018.05.003 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases. Expert Answer and Explanation The fact that nurses are part of the rapidly developing health systems means that they need to take part in the formulation of health policies as well as implementing them. Their influence has a direct effect on patient safety and quality of care (Williams & Anderson, 2018). A strategic solving of the problems that influence these policies can also help in smooth implementation. Opportunities That Currently Exist For RNs and APRNs to Actively Participate In Policy Review One of the active opportunities for the nurses is in nursing education. RNs and APRNs need to acquire various policy-making skills that would help them in addressing the professional challenges they may have to face in the policy making process. Also, the fact that nurses are always present in almost all healthcare settings presents an opportunity for them to give a significant input to policy decisions (Glasgow et al., 2003). Lastly, nurses, more than any other healthcare personnel, have a great influence in resource allocation as well as support delivery, hence their unique role in policy formulation. Challenges That These Opportunities May Present Some of the challenges include the fact that people in the healthcare industry have an old view of nurses, where they perceive them as only influencers of patient care and that they are not open to other roles. Health managers and health authorities also perceive nurses to be in the sixth grade (which is the last) in comparison to other health professionals (Glasgow et al., 2003). Hence, the idea of policy influence is new among individuals. Overcoming These Challenges The first step in overcoming this challenges is training healthcare professionals on the importance of nursing management. They should also be made to understand that nurses are in more direct contact with patients more than any other stakeholder in health, and hence there input in health policy formulation is crucial. Strategies to Better Advocate For the Existence of These Opportunities The education system of nurses should create more emphasis on policy development and implementation (Shiramizu et al., 2017). Also, directly educating other healthcare givers on the various roles of the individuals in nursing could help position nurses well in policy review and implementation. References Glasgow, R. E., Lichtenstein, E., & Marcus, A. C. (2003). Why don’t we see more translation of health promotion research to practice? Rethinking the efficacy-to-effectiveness transition. American journal of public health, 93(8), 1261-1267. Shiramizu, B., Shambaugh, V., Petrovich, H., Seto, T. B., Ho, T., Mokuau, N., & Hedges, J. R. (2017). Leading by success: Impact of a clinical and translational research infrastructure program to address health inequities. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 4(5), 983-991. Williams, J. K., & Anderson, C. M. (2018). Omics research ethics considerations. Nursing outlook, 66(4), 386-393. Alternative Expert Answer Two Opportunities that Currently Exist Registered Nurses (RNs) and Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) play critical roles in helping advance nursing objectives. Certain key opportunities are available to nurses working in the roles of the RNs and APRNs. Advocacy is an example of the opportunity that is available to the nursing professionals based on these APRN and RN roles. A nurse can take advantage of this opportunity by advocating for improved work conditions. Still, a nursing working in either of the two roles has an opportunity of becoming a leader of a medical facility (Joseph & Huber, 2015). As a leader, the nurse can make decisions including making policies to improve an organizational process. Challenges which the Opportunities would present While nurses can benefit by taking advantage of these opportunities, each opportunity presents challenges. For example, it can be difficult for the nurse to perform their advocacy role if they lack the support of the colleagues, and the organization they work for. This lack of support may derail the attainment of the aims which the advocacy seeks to realize (Nsiah, Siakwa, & Ninnoni, 2019). The challenge linked to the leadership opportunity is