[ANSWERED 2023] In collaboration with the approved course preceptor, students will identify a specific evidence-based topic for the capstone project change proposal
In collaboration with the approved course preceptor, students will identify a specific evidence-based topic for the capstone project change proposal Capstone Topic Summary In collaboration with the approved course preceptor, students will identify a specific evidence-based topic for the capstone project change proposal. Write a 150-250 word summary explaining which category your topic and intervention are under (community or leadership). You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Expert Answer and Explanation Strategies to Reduce Medical Errors in Pediatric Care Many people die in the hospitals yearly due to medical errors, especially in the pediatric care. According to Lawson et al. (2018), providing pre-mature babies too much oxygen as the most common medical error that occur in the pediatric facilities. As a result, this project will focus on discussing strategies that can be used to reduce medical errors in the pediatric center. This project can be categorized as a quality improvement initiative where the hospital operations will be changed and improved in a move to reduce medical errors in the child care facility. The interventions for this problem include improving nurse staffing and training. In nurse staffing, more nurses will be employed in the institution to reduce dissatisfaction and burnout. Nurse burnout is among the factors that can increase the rate of medical errors in care facilities (AbuMustafa & Jaber, 2019). The intervention should be aimed at reducing burnout. Training will improve the nurses’ experience on how to handle the errors in case they occur. References AbuMustafa, A. M., & Jaber, M. (2019). Factor affecting Medical errors Reporting among medical team in Pediatric Hospitals in Gaza governorate. Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences, 2(11), 794-801. http://jmrhs.info/index.php/jmrhs/article/view/131 Lawson, N. D., Shanafelt, T. D., Tawfik, D. S., Morgenthaler, T. I., Satele, D. V., Sinsky, C., … & West, C. P. (2018, November). Burnout is Not Associated With Increased Medical Errors/In Reply. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Vol. 93, No. 11, pp. 1683-1684). Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. DOI:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.08.015 Alternative 2 Category of the Topic This project will study the effects of healthy weight on people with diabetes. The category of this topic is community. The topic has been classified as a community topic because it aims to solve the issue of diabetes, one of the chronic diseases affecting many communities across the world, especially African American people within the US and other people in low income countries. A study by Gummesson, Nyman, Knutsson, and Karpefors (2017) shows that premature mortality from type 2 diabetes rose to 5% between 2000-2016. This statistic show that diabetes is a threat to existence of humanity, and thus health professionals should develop ways to solve the issue. The targeted community in this project is African American community. The community has been targeted because the rate of mortality from the disease is high in the community compared to other ethnic groups in the US (Gummesson et al., 2017). Walking has been proposed as the intervention to help control the disease. Reference Gummesson, A., Nyman, E., Knutsson, M., & Karpefors, M. (2017). Effect of weight reduction on glycated haemoglobin in weight loss trials in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 19(9), 1295-1305. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.12971 Alternative 3 Topic Summary My capstone project aims at reducing the cases of enteric infections among children in the pediatric sector. The topic and intervention to solve the problem fall under a category known as community. The community will be the target population for the project. According to Rogawski McQuade et al. (2020), enteric infections are diseases that enter the body through the mouth. The authors note that some of the enteric infections include diarrheal disease caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Shigella, rotavirus, and other organisms. The intervention to solve the topic is educating parents about handwashing techniques. In the project, the nurses will educate parents with children aged five years and below about strategies they can use to wash their hands to prevent their kids from contracting enteric diseases. Akuffo et al. (2017) note that some techniques include washing hands before eating, visiting the toilet, changing diapers, and getting in contact with contaminated surfaces. References Akuffo, R., Armah, G., Clemens, M., Kronmann, K. C., Jones, A. H., Agbenohevi, P., … & Koram, K. (2017). Prevalence of enteric infections among hospitalized patients in two referral hospitals in Ghana. BMC research notes, 10(1), 292. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13104-017-2621-x Rogawski McQuade, E. T., Platts-Mills, J. A., Gratz, J., Zhang, J., Moulton, L. H., Mutasa, K., … & Humphrey, J. H. (2020). Impact of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on enteric infections in rural Zimbabwe: the Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) Trial. The Journal of infectious diseases, 221(8), 1379-1386. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz179 Alternative 4 Topic Summary A community topic is a topic that discusses issues that affect community members. However, a leadership topic in nursing is a topic that touches on issues that affect healthcare leadership. This capstone project aims to investigate whether educating older patients about falls and fall prevention strategies before and after the incident helps reduce the rate of falls-related cases. This topic can be categorized as a community topic because it aims to reduce falls in a community. In other words, the topic is a community project because, after its implementation, many older patients will have proper knowledge about falls and how they can avoid the issue. This project has focused on falls because this health problem highly threatens people’s optimal health, especially older individuals dwelling in a community setup. One in four US citizens aged 65 years and above falls yearly (National Council on Aging). The organization also reports that the US’s emergency care departments treat an older person for fall every 11 seconds. Also, the institutions record older person mortality due to fall-related complications in every 19 minutes. According to Aryee et al. (2017), falls are the leading causes of severe and non-severe injuries among other people and cause older people’s hospital admissions. The authors estimate that over 2.8 million older adults visit emergency care departments to treat falls-related injuries. The problem
[SOLVED 2023] Define what is meant by information. Define what is meant by data. Create two matrices
Define what is meant by information. Define what is meant by data. Create two matrices In this unit, you have learned about management information systems (MIS) and the importance of it. For this assignment, compose a paper that discusses the key differences between data, information, information technology (IT), and information systems (IS). Your paper should address the components listed below. Define what is meant by information. Define what is meant by data. Create two matrices (one for data and one for information) that illustrate the key differences between information and data, place the matrices into your paper, and briefly discuss the differences in one or two paragraphs. Each matrix should contain characteristics and/or facts about the subjects (data and information) that show how they are different. Define IT. Define IS. Using the five-component model as an example, discuss some differences between IT and IS. Your paper must be a minimum of two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages), and you must use at least two resources as references. Any information from these resources must be cited and referenced in APA format. Expert Answer and Explanation Unit 1 Management MIS collects data from various systems online, initiates information analysis and thus announces data, in order to help in a policy, build up (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). There are three components of MIS: – Management, Information, and System. These three components aid in building decisions for the managing of the organization. In regard to the achievements, MIS is a significant aid for improved decision and strategy making. Goals can be quickly achieved by a complete acknowledgment of these elements (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). Definition of Data and Information DATA is underdone, a disorderly attribute that requires to be organized. When data is presented in a provided subject to summon its utilization, it is called INFORMATION. Key-Differences Between Data and Information Data are simplified wordings and numerals, whereas information is interpreted data. Similarly, data is preserved in a computer system or just crammed up by an individual while information is more authentic ascompared to data, in addition to this, an exact examination is undergone for the conversion of data into information by the monitor. Moreover, data are facts that are gathered casually and context that is analyzed, to sum up, the given assets and information is something that ends up providing a significance to the data in a modified manner. Data may not always be the facet that satisfies the need of the investigator, but information is always specific to the required investigation because every meaningless figure is abolished, during the processing of data. Furthermore, the data collected has a questionable application to the researcher as during its compilation, it does not imply its relevance. Conversely, information is worthy to him to bring out its particular use. Therefore, data is never contingent on information, in contrast with, information that totally counts on the data provided. Definition of IT and IS IT -Information Technology is the use of a computing system to preserve, redeem, transfer, and handle data or information (Davies, 2008).IS -Information Systems is a study of systems with a particular backing to information and the free networks of hardware and software that individuals employ to gather, filter, analyze, develop and also dispense data. Difference Between It and Is Based on Five Component Model: -Hardware, software, data, procedures, and people are the five components of an information system; on the analysis of which it is proposed that how these components are brought into service to develop a completely workable system. IT engages with the technological aspects that aids in the information systems themselves. On the other hand, IS is the arch between the user and the technology. IT is a subdivision of IS.IS is described as an overarching umbrella while IT groups under the IS umbrella.IS concentrates on the given information, whereas IT aids in the collection and the analysis of information. Therefore, the prime asset is the information here, but IT is dedicated more towards computer software and hardware. IS management is related to the optimization of systems in contrast with IT management that deals with the maintenance of hardware. Apart from this, IS is concerned with the development of IS policy that goes along with vast business aims and claims its specified functions, but IT focuses on framing the necessity to be determined. Conclusion Subsequently, for a swift approach towards the attainment of a refined and precise form of data and else to aid the researchers on a particular project of interest, MIS becomes the ultimate idea of productivity. MIS is of great help for the organization that it leaves a great influence on the developer’s performance, roles, and ultimately efficiency MIS provides help in subsequent phases to the managers and thus, in turn, provides great assistance, to come up with a perfectly planned policy. Alternative Answer Information Systems Management Information Information can be said to be a set of facts that are either earned or provided concerning someone or something. Alternatively, it can also represent processed that that is represented or conveyed by a specific sequence or arrangement (McKinney Jr, & Yoos, 2019). In retrospect, it can be regarded as the process of resolving uncertainty through the answering of the question, “what is an entity.” The information thus gives meaning to the nature and essence of its characteristics. Depending on the context, information can partake in different meanings related to the notions of communication, education, control, data, understanding, stimuli, perception, and entropy. Data Data, also perceived a raw material, is a group of values that contain wither qualitative or quantitative variables concerning a single or multiple objects or individuals. In as much as the terms data and information and more often used interchangeably, the terms possess different meanings in technology, with the most common being data acting the initial raw content before being processed into information (Computer Hope, 2019). Data can be presented in an unprocessed form such as words, numbers, and symbols
[SOLVED 2023] Post a summary of the interview and a description of the communication techniques you would use with your assigned patient
Post a summary of the interview and a description of the communication techniques you would use with your assigned patient Post a summary of the interview and a description of the communication techniques Effective communication is vital to constructing an accurate and detailed patient history. A patient’s health or illness is influenced by many factors, including age, gender, ethnicity, and environmental setting. As an advanced practice nurse, you must be aware of these factors and tailor your communication techniques accordingly. Doing so will not only help you establish rapport with your patients, but it will also enable you to more effectively gather the information needed to assess your patients’ health risks. For this Discussion, you will take on the role of a clinician who is building a health history for a particular new patient assigned by your Instructor. To prepare: With the information presented in Chapter 1 of Ball et al. in mind, consider the following: · By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned a new patient profile by your Instructor for this Discussion. Note: Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your new patient profile assignment. Case C 38-year-old Native American pregnant female living on a reservation · How would your communication and interview techniques for building a health history differ with each patient? · How might you target your questions for building a health history based on the patient’s social determinants of health? · What risk assessment instruments would be appropriate to use with each patient, or what questions would you ask each patient to assess his or her health risks. · Identify any potential health-related risks based upon the patient’s age, gender, ethnicity, or environmental setting that should be taken into consideration. · Select one of the risk assessment instruments presented in Chapter 1 or Chapter 5 of the Seidel’s Guide to Physical Examination text, or another tool with which you are familiar, related to your selected patient. · Develop at least five targeted questions you would ask your selected patient to assess his or her health risks and begin building a health history. By Day of Week 1 Post a summary of the interview and a description of the communication techniques you would use with your assigned patient. Explain why you would use these techniques. Identify the risk assessment instrument you selected, and justify why it would be applicable to the selected patient. Provide at least five targeted questions you would ask the patient. EXPERT ANSWER AND EXPLATION: Building A Health History A Brief Summary of the Interview This interview involved a 38-year-old Native American pregnant woman residing on a reservation. The woman had come to the health facility to check up on health during the pregnancy period. The interview found that this woman was four weeks pregnant, and this pregnancy was her third one. The interview also revealed that her second birth was in the form of a cesarean section. During the interview, it was found that the patient’s family has a history of twins. She has brothers who are identical twins. When asked if she has ever suffered any chronic condition, she said no. In terms of financial capability, it was found that the patient’s income was 100% above the federal poverty level. She is working as a librarian assistant in one of the state libraries in her region. She also has an insurance package from Indian health programs. Through the interview, it was found that she has never had a blood transfusion, no history of tuberculosis, and it allergic to penicillin medication. She also said that after this child, she would like to undergo family planning program that can take her to her menopause period because she does not want to conceive again. Communication Techniques to be used by Assigned Patient The first technique that I would use with my assigned patient is offering her a genuine smile. Arnold and Boggs (2019) mention that a genuine smile can immediately convey openness and warmth. I would use this technique to lobby the patient to be open with me and to know that I will be real with her. Also, a genuine smile will help be build trust with the patient. The second technique is asking the right questions. This technique will be used to understand the thoughts of the patients and to learn new things about her. Open-ended questions will better fit this patient and allow her to express herself clearly (Brooks, Ballinger, Nutbeam, Mander and Adams (2018). Another technique I will use with the patient is active listening. This technique will help me understand what the patient is saying. Janssen, Ruiter and Waters (2018) argue that active listening can also show that the communicator is empathetic. The last technique that will be used to connect with the patient is to provide feedback when needed and receive the one given diligently (Turkelson, Aebersold, Redman & Tschannen, 2017). When one provides feedback, it can show that he or she takes the other person seriously. The Risk Assessment Instrument Selected The instrument selected to assess risk in this scenario is the Historical, Clinical, Risk Management-20 (HCR-20). This tool is often used by psychological professionals to assess the level of violence and psychological problems the patients are undergoing. Cheng, Haag and Olver (2019) mention that marital violence is reported more in native American nations more compared to other parts of the country. This tool will be applicable to this patient because it will be used to assess if the patient is stressed about the type of birth she had previously. Also, the tool will be used to assess if the patient is undergoing any violence, either physically or mentally (Shepherd, Campbell & Ogloff, 2018). The Targeted Questions When last did you see your menstrual cycle? Is this your first pregnancy? Have you ever suffered any chronic condition? Have you ever had any major surgery? Does your family have any history of twins? References Arnold, E. C., & Boggs, K. U. (2019). Interpersonal Relationships E-Book: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses. Elsevier
[ANSWERED 2023] Research legislation that has occurred within the last 5 years at the state or federal level as a result of nurse advocacy. Describe the legislation and what was accomplished.
Research legislation that has occurred within the last 5 years at the state or federal level as a result of nurse advocacy Research legislation that has occurred within the last 5 years at the state or federal level as a result of nurse advocacy DQ 1 Choose a legislator on the state or federal level who is also a nurse and discuss the importance of the legislator/nurse’s role as advocate for improving health care delivery. What specific bills has the legislator/nurse sponsored or supported that have influenced health care. DQ 2 Research legislation that has occurred within the last 5 years at the state or federal level as a result of nurse advocacy. Describe the legislation and what was accomplished. What additional steps need to be taken to continue advocacy for this issue? DQ 1: Expert Answer and Explanation Healthcare advocacy helps patients to negotiate through tough economic times by helping the patients to navigate through tough financial times. Legislator/nurses specifically help patients to make more informed decisions regarding their health, including the idea of navigating through the complex medical systems. Shirley Nathan-Pulliam, Maryland’s Legislator Nurse and her Role as an Advocate in Improving Healthcare Delivery Shirley Nathan-Pulliam is one of the famous nurses in Maryland who became legislators, and have significant impact on the lives of patients (Ginsburg, 2020). Her motivation to enter public service was seeing a patient lose her breasts and die miserably simply because she did not have health insurance. She was involved in numerous community programs including the uplifting of health among neglected blacks through the foundation of ‘Black Mental Health Alliance.’ Bills that Shirley Nathan-Pulliam has supported that have Influenced Healthcare Through several bills, Shirley has influenced healthcare in Maryland in many ways. One of these bills is the 2004 House Bill 86, which created an office for the minority and health disparities within the Department of Health of Maryland (Geary, 2017). Also, in 1998, she successfully got $2.6 million for breast cancer treatment and diagnosis among low-income women. She then secured funds amounting to $500,000 for the diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer among men who lived in the streets (Geary, 2017). Her bills led to a significant reduction in the death rates among African Americans and among other minority groups that live in Maryland. Shirley is the embodiment of how a true Legislator/Nurse should be involved in the care of patients. References Geary, G. (2017). Partisan Gerrymandering: Maryland’s Attempt at Reform and Steps towards Proportional Representation. UMKC L. Rev., 86, 443. Ginsburg, U. S. (2020). Winning the Game That Never Ends. The Political Determinants of Health, 112. DQ 2 – Expert Answer and Explanation Nursing Advocacy Efforts in Massachusetts The signing into law, the Massachusetts’ bill, H.4228, in 2014 marked an important event in the advocacy role of the nurses in the state. This bill would put limit to the number of patients a nursing professional has to work with in emergency units. This legislation enforces a 1:1 nurse to patient ratio where nurses work with new mothers and newborn babies, and a 1:4 provider to patient ratio in surgical units. According to this bill, hospitals which violet this legislation would be liable to a fine of $25,000. This signing of this law was a result of persisted efforts partly influenced by the passage of a similar legislation in California in 2004 (Bill H.4228, 2014). While this bill is linked to favorable patient care outcomes, Massachusetts’ voters recently, voted against this bill. California has experienced a decline in the number of the mortality incidences since a similar law came to effect. In Massachusetts, the idea of enactment of the bill has been contentious, and this manifested when Massachusetts’ public rejected it in 2018, just less than four years after the passing of the bill into law (Bill H.4228, 2014). The Massachusetts’ nursing bodies such as the state’s American Nursing Association (ANA) wing can advance the advocacy objectives using key strategies. The nurse advocacy groups should target the public in the state, and select representatives who can act on the behalves of these groups to survey the opportunities as well as risks associated with the bill. The collected information should guide training processes as well as activities focused on helping create and implement public awareness campaign (Wright & Jaffe, 2014). Accordingly, the public will become sensitized on the benefits associated with the improvement of the nurse to patient ratio. References Bill H.4228 (2014). An Act Relative to Patient Limits in All Hospital Intensive Care Units. Retrieved from https://malegislature.gov/Bills/188/H4228. Wright, A. C., & Jaffe, K. J. (2014). Six steps to successful child advocacy: Changing the world for children. Los Angeles : SAGE. Place your order now for a similar assignment and get fast, cheap and best quality work written by our expert level assignment writers.Use Coupon: NEW30 to Get 30% OFF Your First Order FAQs Nursing Legislation: Advancing Healthcare Standards and Patient Safety Introduction Nursing is an integral part of the healthcare system, with nurses playing a crucial role in delivering quality patient care. To ensure the highest standards of healthcare delivery and patient safety, nursing legislation plays a vital role. This legislation is designed to regulate the nursing profession, establish standards of practice, and protect the rights of both nurses and patients. In this article, we will explore the significance of nursing legislation and its impact on the healthcare industry. What is Nursing Legislation? Nursing legislation refers to a set of laws and regulations that govern the practice of nursing. It outlines the qualifications, responsibilities, and limitations of nurses within their scope of practice. The purpose of nursing legislation is to maintain the integrity of the nursing profession, safeguard public health, and ensure that patients receive safe and competent care. Historical Development of Nursing Legislation The history of nursing legislation dates back to the 19th century when Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing, advocated for improved healthcare standards. Over the years, nursing organizations and policymakers worked collaboratively to develop and refine nursing laws to keep up with the evolving healthcare landscape. The
[ANSWERED 2023] Discuss the historical application of statistics in the field of health care. Describe an example, other than Florence Nightingale’s contributions, where statistical application
Discuss the historical application of statistics in the field of health care. Describe an example Discuss the historical application of statistics in the field of health care Topic 1 DQ 1: Discuss the historical application of statistics in the field of health care. Describe an example, other than Florence Nightingale’s contributions, where statistical application has greatly influenced or changed health care operations or practice. Topic 1 DQ 2: Discuss why it is important for a person working in health care to understand statistical concepts. Provide an example of how statistical data is used in your organization or specialty area today and what you are expected to do with this information as a practitioner. Expert Answer and Explanation Topic 1 DQ 1: Historical Application of Statistics It is difficult to have epidemiology research that does not constitute tables, odds ratio, or p-value. Statistics and mathematical methods are significant in the assessment of data as they help in the identification of causes of disease, modes of transmission, preventive measures, and the appropriate control mechanism (Stroup, & Lyerla, 2011). In history, the use of statistics in health care can be evidenced by the current Center for Disease Control (CDC) when it was established in 1946 as the Communicable Disease Center. The change of the name meant that the institution was broadening its scope of services. The expansion increased the opportunities for the institution to utilize the contribution of statistics and engineering methods in health care (Stroup, & Lyerla, 2011). For instance, the CDC, in conjunction with the National Center for Health Statistics, carried out the first-ever National Health Assessment and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which helped to the development of the model to predict the amount of lead in human blood. William Farr – His Role in Healthcare The United States Public Health Service adopted statistical methods developed by several scientists to form the current CDC. For instance, CDC borrowed the use of statistical induction to examine death rates by William Farr’s (Beyersmann, & Schrade, 2017). Farr is a major personality in the health care sector, which is a contribution to the history of epidemiology having in the industry for more than 30 years, examining the statistics of death and disease. He came up with the nosology – disease classification framework- which was the predecessors of the current International Classification of Diseases (ICD) (Beyersmann, & Schrade, 2017). The diseases are applying his statistical insights into the tool to monitor and classify the leading cause of injuries and death with the bid to promote coherent international compatibility in terms of reporting of health data. References Beyersmann, J., & Schrade, C. (2017). Florence Nightingale, William Farr and competing risks. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 180(1), 285-293. DOI: 10.1111/rssa.12187 Stroup, D. F., & Lyerla, R. (2011). History of statistics in public health at CDC 1960–2010: the rise of statistical evidence. Public health then and now: celebrating, 50. Retrieved 4 May 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6004a7.htm Topic 1 DQ 2: Understanding Statistical Concepts in Health Care With the changing of medical practice and delivery of care, there is a need for people working in the healthcare sector to have statistical knowledge (Aggarwal, 2018). Currently, the medical sector is transforming into an industry player that makes use of data to infer solutions. Statistics, through quantitative research, helps in shaping research makers with key numerical data retrieved from observations or measurements that best describe the characteristic of a specific population sample. Based on descriptive statistics, the health care industry can best summarize the efficacy, cost, and utility of medical services and products (Aggarwal, 2018). For instance, the understanding of the prevalence of a given disease can be understood using statistical details to provide its relationship with the causative factors. In my organization, there is the implementation of evidence-based practice with many nurses encourages us to understand how to come up with proper PICOT questions (Butler, Hall, & Copnell, 2016). Evidence-based practice makes use of statistical correlation to understand the best more of care that a patient who exhibits a certain set of characters can be given. Not only does the practice help in the provision of quality care, but also in the provision of quality management services and support due to enhanced decision making. As practitioners, the expectation is that we be able to interpret the information retrieved from the statistical data and use it to offer better and informed care. The end goal of using evidence practice is to maximize the overall positive patient outcomes (Butler, Hall, & Copnell, 2016). Similarly, the practice ensures that most patients attain high levels of patient satisfaction, and the number of medical errors is also minimized. In this manner, statistics have a close relationship with overall patient care concerns and issues. References Aggarwal, R. (2018). Statistical literacy for healthcare professionals: Why is it important? Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 21(4), 349. Doi: 10.4103/aca.ACA_177_18 Butler, A., Hall, H., & Copnell, B. (2016). A guide to writing a qualitative systematic review protocol to enhance evidence‐based practice in nursing and health care. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 13(3), 241-249. Doi: 10.1111/wvn.12134 Place your order now on a similar assignment and get fast, cheap and best quality work written by our expert level assignment writers. FAQs 10 uses of health statistics Monitoring public health: Health statistics can be used to track the prevalence and incidence of diseases and health conditions in a population, allowing public health officials to identify trends and patterns and develop targeted interventions. Evaluating health interventions: Health statistics can be used to assess the effectiveness of health interventions, including medical treatments, public health campaigns, and policy changes. Allocating resources: Health statistics can help policymakers and health officials determine how to allocate resources, such as funding for medical research, public health programs, and healthcare facilities. Identifying health disparities: Health statistics can be used to identify disparities in health outcomes between different demographic groups, such as by age, gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Planning healthcare services: Health statistics can inform decisions about the need for healthcare services and the types of services required, such as the number of hospital beds or the availability of specialized medical equipment. Assessing health risks: Health statistics can help identify environmental and lifestyle factors that contribute
[SOLVED 2023] Discuss the four spheres of political action in nursing. In addition, please develop a brief argument sharing how these spheres are interconnected and overlapping by applying an example from your practice
Discuss the four spheres of political action in nursing. In addition, please develop a brief Discuss the four spheres of political action in nursing. In addition, please develop a brief argument sharing how these spheres are interconnected and overlapping by applying an example from your practice. What are some ethical considerations here? Expert Answer and Explanation Four Spheres of Political Action in Nursing The very act of being a nurse makes one politically involved even though most nurses view themselves as politically powerless. (Cameron, Ceci, & Salas 2011). The four spheres of political action are areas where nurses have an opportunity for political involvement. Even though each sphere has its own independent function, they all work together to create change. The four spheres of political action in nursing include the workplace, government, professional organizations and the community. (Mason, Leavitt, & Chaffee, 2013). Workplace It addresses affecting jobs and patient care. Nurses should advocate for the issues that require a change in the workplace and also those that affect patient care. They should be politically informed to ensure that policies that regard their workplace are adequately addressed. (Cameron, Ceci, & Salas 2011). Government It addresses rules, laws and regulations governing nursing practice. (Mason, Leavitt, & Chaffee, 2013). The government is the main influencer in the health care-related changes due to their role in political action. We as nurses ought to work closely with the government to create change. Professional Organizations They address issues that shape nursing practice. They influence policy changes in health care as contributors and also implementers. They also lobby for the political backing of the health care policies they deem beneficial to them and the community they serve. Community It addresses issues that affect community health. Since they have a good understanding of the specific health needs of the population, they should work closely with nurses to address them. For a political action in nursing to be realized, it requires input from all spheres hence they are interconnected. In an area I was attached to, there were many incidents of domestic violence with a large number of patients being victims. Through nursing political action, we formulated policies to protect victims and stop the violence. Professional organizations were able to influence change and involve the government in implementing the changes. The hospitals served as the center for members of the community to be sensitized about the issue and also for treatment of victims. Through collaborative action from all the spheres we were able to reduce the number of cases of domestic violence reported. Place your order now on a similar assignment and get fast, cheap and best quality work written by our expert level assignment writers. FAQs Importance of politics in nursing Politics plays a significant role in nursing, influencing various aspects of the profession and the healthcare system. Here are several ways in which politics is important in nursing: Healthcare Policy Advocacy: Nurses can play a crucial role in advocating for policies that promote public health, patient safety, and the well-being of communities. Involvement in political processes allows nurses to influence healthcare policies at local, state, and national levels. Patient Advocacy: Political engagement empowers nurses to advocate for the rights and interests of their patients. This may involve addressing issues such as access to healthcare, health equity, and the delivery of high-quality and patient-centered care. Regulatory Environment: Nurses work within a regulatory framework that is often shaped by political decisions. Understanding and participating in the political process can help nurses contribute to the development of regulations that ensure professional standards, ethical practice, and patient safety. Resource Allocation: Political decisions impact the allocation of resources within the healthcare system. Nurses, as frontline healthcare providers, can advocate for fair distribution of resources, adequate staffing levels, and appropriate funding for nursing education and training. Workplace Conditions: Political decisions influence workplace conditions for nurses, including issues such as staffing ratios, working hours, and workplace safety. Active involvement in political processes allows nurses to address these issues and contribute to creating optimal working environments. Educational Policy: Policies related to nursing education and professional development are shaped by political decisions. Nurses can engage in advocacy to influence policies that support continuous education, training, and career advancement opportunities. Public Health Initiatives: Nurses can contribute to the development and implementation of public health initiatives through political engagement. This includes involvement in vaccination campaigns, disease prevention programs, and community health promotion efforts. Ethical Decision-Making: Political decisions can sometimes raise ethical concerns in healthcare. Nurses may need to navigate ethical dilemmas related to resource allocation, access to care, and the rights of vulnerable populations. Political awareness is crucial in addressing these ethical challenges. Global Health Advocacy: Nurses can participate in global health advocacy by engaging in political discussions related to international healthcare issues, such as infectious disease control, humanitarian assistance, and global health equity. Professional Autonomy: Political engagement helps nurses advocate for their professional autonomy and the recognition of nursing as an essential and autonomous healthcare profession. How can nurses get involved in politics Nurses can get involved in politics in various ways to advocate for their profession, influence healthcare policies, and contribute to positive changes in the healthcare system. Here are several ways nurses can engage in politics: Educate Yourself: Stay informed about current healthcare policies, legislative issues, and political developments at the local, state, and national levels. Understand how these issues impact nursing practice, patient care, and the healthcare system. Join Professional Organizations: Join nursing organizations and associations that actively engage in political advocacy. These organizations often provide resources, updates on policy issues, and opportunities for nurses to participate in advocacy efforts. Attend Legislative Sessions: Attend local or state legislative sessions to observe the political process and gain firsthand knowledge of how healthcare policies are discussed and developed. Some nursing organizations may organize visits to legislative sessions for their members. Network with Policymakers: Build relationships with policymakers, legislators, and other key decision-makers. Attend town hall meetings, public forums, and healthcare-related events where you can connect
[ANSWERED 2023] When taking care of patients, why do you think it is important to utilize the appropriate resources?
When taking care of patients, why do you think it is important to utilize the appropriate resources? Small Group Discussion When taking care of patients, why do you think it is important to utilize the appropriate resources? How do you think evidence from nursing journals affects patient care? What role does using the right evidence play in being a professional nurse? What role does understanding plagiarism and academic integrity play in being a professional nurse? EXPERT ANSWER AND EXPLANATION Class Discussion When taking care of patients, it is important to make use of the appropriate resources mainly because they are the main determinants of the delivery of quality care and positive patient output (EIU, 2018). Resources can span from equipment, information evidence to support the delivery of care, or to prove the equality of provision of the said care. Resources also offer informative guidelines or steps that can be used during care provision. Evidence from nursing journals affects patient care by restructuring the current knowledge to become common care decisions used in the implementation or improvement of patient care and outcomes (EIU, 2018). Nurses can understand different information from the different categories of EBP, such as randomized control, personal experience, opinion from clinical experts, and the evidence retrieved from case controls, cohorts, or observational studies. This information aid in patient-centered care that will offer a specific treatment option that will best assist the patient in recovery. Personalized care is crucial to the provision of quality care. The right evidence plays a crucial role in being a professional nurse as it provides scientific research that enables the making of well-founded decisions. Professional nurses can become updated on the new medication protocols for quality care and improved patient outcomes (LoBiondo-Wood, & Haber, 2017). A professional nurse might search for published interventions that are best fit for their patient’s profile in order to increase the chances of recovery. In this manner, the nurses will be able to include their patients in their treatment and recovery plans. According to Carter, Hussey, & Forehand (2019), the understanding of plagiarism and academic integrity plays a crucial role in being a professional nurse because one is able to acknowledge evidence of research by other experts and avoid ethical issues. References Carter, H., Hussey, J., & Forehand, J. W. (2019). Plagiarism in nursing education and the ethical implications in practice. Heliyon, 5(3), e01350. EIU. (2018). Why Is Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing so Important?. Eastern Illinois University. Retrieved 22 May 2020, from https://learnonline.eiu.edu/articles/rnbsn/evidence-based-practice-important.aspx LoBiondo-Wood, G., & Haber, J. (2017). Nursing research-E-book: methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Place your order now on the similar assignment and get fast, cheap and best quality work written by our expert level assignment writers. FAQs How Evidence from Nursing Journals Improves Patient Care As healthcare continues to evolve, nurses are consistently seeking new ways to provide the highest quality of care to their patients. Evidence-based practice has become increasingly prevalent in the nursing profession as a means of ensuring that care is rooted in the most current and reliable research available. One of the primary sources of this research comes from nursing journals, which publish findings from studies conducted by nurses and other healthcare professionals. In this article, we will explore the ways in which evidence from nursing journals affects patient care, and how nurses can use this evidence to improve outcomes. What role does using the right evidence play in being a professional nurse? As a professional nurse, using the right evidence is crucial for providing safe, effective, and quality care to patients. Evidence-based practice (EBP) involves using the best available research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences to guide decision-making and improve patient outcomes. In this article, we will discuss the importance of using the right evidence in nursing practice and how it can improve patient care. Introduction Nursing practice has come a long way from being based solely on tradition and intuition. Today, nursing practice is guided by evidence-based practice (EBP) which uses the best available research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences to guide decision-making and improve patient outcomes. Using the right evidence is an essential part of being a professional nurse. Definition of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Evidence-based practice (EBP) is an approach to healthcare that involves using the best available research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences to guide decision-making and improve patient outcomes. It is a problem-solving approach that involves formulating clinical questions, searching for and appraising the best available evidence, and applying the evidence to clinical practice. The Importance of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) in Nursing The importance of evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing cannot be overstated. EBP allows nurses to provide the best possible care to their patients based on the latest research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences. It helps nurses to make informed decisions, reduce errors, and improve patient outcomes. EBP is also important in ensuring that nursing practice is based on the best available evidence and not on tradition, opinion, or hearsay. The Benefits of Using the Right Evidence in Nursing Practice Using the right evidence in nursing practice has numerous benefits for both nurses and patients. Firstly, it improves the quality of care by ensuring that the most effective and efficient interventions are used. Secondly, it reduces errors and adverse events by using evidence-based guidelines and protocols. Thirdly, it increases patient satisfaction by involving patients in decision-making and taking their preferences into account. Finally, it improves patient outcomes by using interventions that have been shown to be effective in clinical trials. The Role of Nurses in Using the Right Evidence Nurses play a critical role in using the right evidence in nursing practice. They are responsible for identifying and appraising the best available evidence, applying the evidence to clinical practice, and evaluating the outcomes of their interventions. Nurses must be knowledgeable about research methodology, critical appraisal, and statistical analysis to effectively use the right evidence in practice. Challenges to Using the Right Evidence in Nursing Practice Despite the benefits of
[ANSWERED 2023] Select one of the case studies below, and include discussion of your strategy for winning the patients cooperation while teaching concepts concerning
Select one of the case studies below, and include discussion of your strategy for winning Develop cooperative relationships with clients when teaching concepts concerning pathological states to individuals and families Select one of the case studies below, and include discussion of your strategy for winning the patients cooperation while teaching concepts concerning pathological states to them and their families.to include cellular metabolism in the content. Each case study has component of cellular injury so be sure to find sources to support. Other concepts that may be applicable are oxidative stress, free radicals and cellular injury/apoptosis. Requirements Make sure all of the topics in the case study have been addressed. Cite at least three sources; journal articles, textbooks or evidenced-based websites to support the content. All sources must be within five years. Do not use .com, Wikipedia, or up-to-date, etc., for your sources. Case Study 4 Disorders of Acid–Base Balance Shauna is a healthy, fit 28-year-old who decided to go on a 2-week tour of Mexico for young singles. One hot afternoon in a small market community, she grabbed some fruit juice from a street vendor. Several hours later, she developed abdominal cramping and diarrhea. The diarrhea became so severe that she missed 3 days of the tour and stayed in her hotel room. By the end of her illness, she felt weak and tired. Her head ached, but the mild fever had disappeared, and she was able to join her new friends for the rest of the tour. What is the acid–base imbalance Shauna might have experienced and its etiology? What are the functions and importance of the bicarbonate buffer system in the body? Assignment Requirements: Before finalizing your work, you should: · be sure to read the Assignment description carefully (as displayed above); · consult the Grading Rubric (under the Course Home) to make sure you have included everything necessary; and · utilize spelling and grammar check to minimize errors. · Your writing Assignment should: · follow the conventions of Standard American English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.); · be well ordered, logical, and unified, as well as original and insightful; · display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics; and · use APA 6th Edition format as outlined in the APA Progression Ladder Developing Patient Cooperation: Acid-Base Balance Disorders Expert Answer and Explanation Shauna’s Acid-Base Balance Disorder Metabolic acidosis Shauna goes on a two week tour of Mexico, a known dry area, and she partakes of fruit juice on one hot afternoon thus ending up developing diarrhea and abdominal cramping. To put this into context, the region visited by Shauna is a hot and dry place, which predisposed her to dehydration and its effects. This is not helped by the fact that when she eventually gets thirsty and decides to take fruit juice, she develops diarrhea, which further enhances the fluid and electrolyte loss off her body. It is because of the ensuing dehydration and electrolyte imbalance that she feels tired and experiences a mild headaches. Metabolic acidosis has been defined by Ewesson (2015) as a ‘clinical disturbance characterized by an increase in plasma acidity.’ It is one of the commonest acid- base balance disorders and is usually a sign of an underlying disease process. The basic mechanisms by which this disturbance arises is when the levels of hydrogen ions in plasma (which confers acidity) increase or the levels of bicarbonate ions (that provides the basicity) is reduced (Schricker et al., 2019). This, while might be read into as a straightforward process, is rather quite the opposite as the processes leading to the disturbance involves an array of respiratory and renal changes in function in an attempt at compensation of the initial pathological insult, with the disturbance only coming in as the end point of failure of the compensatory processes (Schricker et al., 2019). Etiologically, causes of metabolic acidosis include ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis and chronic renal failure. Diarrhea, however, is the most common cause Ewesson (2015) and has been found to result from the disruption in the sodium- potassium and bicarbonate-chloride exchange mechanisms in the large bowel. In acute non-infectious diarrhea, such as the one Shaun experienced, involves loss of sodium and bicarbonate ions in stool leading to hyponatremic, hyperchloremic acidosis (Urso et al., 2017). There is usually no additional anions getting into the plasma at the time, and hence this acidosis is termed normal anion gap metabolic acidosis. Clinically, it presents as respiratory distress (Kussmaul’s breathing), lethargy due to the dehydration, neurological deficits such as confusion, coma and death as well as cardiac arrhythmias due to the ensuing hyperkalemia (Kumar, Abbas & Aster, 2017). Functions and Significance of Bicarbonate Buffer The bicarbonate buffer is the most important extracellular physiological buffer (Ewesson, 2015). It derives its importance from its being an open ended system of buffering where no equilibrium is achieved. This infers that, for the other physiological buffers such as proteins and hemoglobin, the extent of their buffering is only as viable as long as equilibrium between the base and the weak acid is not achieved. The bicarbonate one, however, represents an open system in which the body is able to regenerate extra bicarbonate when needed as well as eliminate excess through the kidneys thus ensuring the bicarbonate system is in a continuous state of turnover (Ewesson, 2015). In state of inadequacy, the body is able to synthesize bicarbonate ions from cellular reactions in the proximal tubular cells to avert metabolic acidosis. When in excess, the stimuli for their absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule is diminished, leading to their increased losses in urine with subsequent urine alkalinization (Schricker et al., 2019). This averts metabolic alkalosis. Noteworthy too is the fact that the bicarbonate anion is the central regulatory buffer that forms an integral link between the renal and respiratory systems as regard matters acid-base balance (Thomas, 2017). That, again, is another aspect that renders it an open system and makes it as powerful since measured compensatory responses of one of the two systems comes in to rectify a pathological response by the other, always (Thomas, 2017).
[ANSWERED 2023] Students are required to maintain weekly reflective narratives throughout the course to combine into one course-long reflective journal that integrates leadership and inquiry into current practice as it applies to the Professional Capstone and Practicum course
Students are required to maintain weekly reflective narratives throughout the course Students are required to maintain weekly reflective narratives throughout the course to combine into one course-long reflective journal that integrates leadership and inquiry into current practice as it applies to the Professional Capstone and Practicum course. In your journal, you will reflect on the personal knowledge and skills gained throughout this course. The journal should address a variable combination of the following, depending on your specific practice immersion clinical experiences: New practice approaches Intraprofessional collaboration Health care delivery and clinical systems Ethical considerations in health care Population health concerns The role of technology in improving health care outcomes Health policy Leadership and economic models Health disparities Students will outline what they have discovered about their professional practice, personal strengths and weaknesses that surfaced, additional resources and abilities that could be introduced to a given situation to influence optimal outcomes, and finally, how the student met the competencies aligned to this course. While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. Expert Answer and Explanation Professional Capstone and Practicum Reflective Journal New Practice Approaches I am excited and nervous this week. Class started on the 24th May and I was still abroad because my return flight was canceled. I made it to the states three days after class started. I went right to work by reviewing class work and assignments due on week 1. I quickly realized that in this course student needed to plan early. I was overwhelmed the few days of class. I contacted my preceptor to check if she received an email from GCU to set up her thunder time account. She was very busy that day and was unable to check it. The following day, I met with her to facilitate setting up her account. She was successful. I started reading announcements, expectations and course requirements. By this time things starts to make sense. I then started working on assignments. On the other hand, planning to fulfil my 10 hours of clinical time for the week. I called my preceptor to know her availability on when she is going out to visit patients and my plan on how we can move forward in the course since its time consuming. Few clinical hours were done with preceptor, community and leadership. Interprofessional Collaboration Interprofessional collaboration is working with other professionals to accomplish the same goals. In nursing, interprofessional collaboration can be described as a situation where nurses work together with physicians, laboratory specialists, and other specialists to improve the health of a patient under their care (Reeves et al. , 2017). Interprofessional collaboration can ensure that patients receive quality and safe care because many qualified and experienced persons are working to ensure that they gain healthy status. Interprofessional collaboration can also reduce medical errors because it might promote healthy and effective communication between professionals working together (Tang et al., 2018). I have learned a lot about interprofessional collaboration in this week’s lesson. One of the things I have learned is that interprofessional collaboration cannot be achieved without effective and proper communication strategies. Communication is everything in interprofessional collaboration. Another thing I have learned is that for one to collaborate successfully with other professionals, one must be able to work in a team. Health Care Delivery and Clinical Systems A Healthcare delivery system can be defined as a collection of resources, institutions, and individuals to provide care services with the aim of meeting the target population. I have learned from this course that healthcare delivery has changed a lot. Most of the care delivery services are done using technologies. For instance, a preventive care service, such as the one focused on in this course can be delivered using technologies, such as social media and mass media tools, such as television. I have also realized that healthcare delivery in the current US health system is based on quality and not quantity. Healthcare delivery is currently done using a model known as a value-based model where nurses and other healthcare professionals are paid based on the quality of care they have provided and not the quantity (Putera, 2017). Another thing I have learned is that preventive measures, such as this capstone project can lower the cost of health care delivery by preventing readmissions and other factors increasing the cost of health. Ethical Considerations in Health Care Like any other sector, healthcare industry is also guided by various ethical considerations. My capstone project will be based on many ethical considerations. One of them is informed consent. The project will involve educating geriatric patients about proper handwashing techniques. Hence, the patients should give their consent before being included in the project. My role in this situation is explaining to the participants the purpose of this projects, how the results will be used, and who will view their private information. The information will help the participants make informed decision regarding the project they want to join. Another ethical consideration that will be included in the project is justice. Adashi et al. (2018) note that justice is one of the ethical principles in Belmont report. According to the authors, researchers should ensure that they observe equality when handling participants and including them in their report. Practices of Culturally Sensitive Care The US is one of the countries expanding rapidly in terms of culture. Dyble (2018) notes that more than 37% of the American population come from the minority racial groups. Nurses are therefore needed to remain as culturally sensitive as possible to provide just and equal care to all patients regardless of their ethnic groups. As a nursing project, this capstone activity should also remain as
[ANSWERED 2024] A 27-year-old patient with a history of substance abuse is found unresponsive by emergency medical services
A 27-year-old patient with a history of substance abuse is found unresponsive by emergency Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes At its core, pathology is the study of disease. Diseases occur for many reasons. But some, such as cystic fibrosis and Parkinson’s Disease, occur because of alterations that prevent cells from functioning normally. Understanding of signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For the Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN), this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans. For this Discussion, you examine a case study and explain the disease that is suggested. You examine the symptoms reported and explain the cells that are involved and potential alterations and impacts. To prepare: By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific scenario for this Discussion. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor. Scenario 4: A 27-year-old patient with a history of substance abuse is found unresponsive by emergency medical services (EMS) after being called by the patient’s roommate. The roommate states that he does not know how long the patient had been lying there. Patient received naloxone in the field and has become responsive. He complains of burning pain over his left hip and forearm. Evaluation in the ED revealed a large amount of necrotic tissue over the greater trochanter as well as the forearm. EKG demonstrated prolonged PR interval and peaked T waves. Serum potassium level 6.9 mEq/L. By Day 3 of Week 1 Post an explanation of the disease highlighted in the scenario you were provided. Include the following in your explanation: The role genetics plays in the disease. Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described. The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred. The cells that are involved in this process. How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response. Expert Answer and Explanation Alterations in Cellular Process Role of Genes in the Disease According to a study done by McCance and Huether (2019), genetic variables contribute to the commencement of addictive substances and change from use to addiction. The authors also note that 40 to 60% of one’s vulnerability to substance use is accounted for by genetic factors. Another research by Muro (2018) found that PSD-95 is a specific protein gene that connects learning, memory, and addiction. The researchers also found that mice with a low rate of PSD-95 could not find their way out of the maze easily and were highly sensitive to cocaine. The study also found that a higher amount of PSD-95 gene made mice more sensitive to alcohol, nicotine, heroin, and morphine. Another gene that is responsible for addiction is the DARPP-32 gene. Abbasian, Lockington, Megharaj, and Naidu (2016) report that when DARPP-32 was extracted from mice, it failed to respond to hard drugs. Therefore, the 27-year-old is addicted to drugs because he inherited either DARPP-32 or PSD-95 from his family. Reasons for Presenting Described Symptoms Opioid overdose may cause effects, such as slow breathing, blue skin from poor blood circulation, small pupils, respiratory failure, lessened alertness, confusion, and loss of consciousness. This patient was unresponsive because he may have used opioid drugs in excess. The former is evident because he became responsive after receiving naloxone treatment. Naloxone is a non-addictive medication used to treat patients with opioid overdose to neutralize life-threatening depression of the respiratory system and central nervous system to allow the patient to regain normal breathing (Zhang, 2019). The medication only works when one’s body has opioid substances. The burning pain is the side effect of naloxone. The presence of necrotic tissue on the forearm and greater trochanter was due to fall when the patient was unconscious. Physiologic Response The physiological response is an involuntary reaction triggering a physical response to stimuli. An example of a physiologic response is fight or flight response. The physiological response can manifest itself through shaking, dry mouth, faster breathing, sweating, panic attacks, and heart palpitations. Abbasian et al. (2016) mention that one of the physiological responses to opioids is slowing the functions of the GI tract. Opioids may slow down the GT tract’s functioning by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from the motor neurons. As a result, the victim may experience low excretion. Other physiological responses to opioid include dilatation of pupils, increased breathing, heart rate changes, and blood pressure, sweating, changes in body temperature and skin, and piloerection (Liu & Tang, 2020). Cells Involved Various cells are involved in physiological response. Dark, clear, and myoepithelial sweat cells are some of the cells involved in the process. When one feels the urge to abuse opioids, the brain will send a message to the cells above to produce sweat as a response. Other cells involved in the process are brown adipose tissue (BAT) and thermogenesis. These cells will either increase or reduce body temperature to respond to the urge to abuse opioids. The neurons in the hindbrain known as medulla and pons are the cells that regulate how one will breathe in the response of opioid stimulus (Liu & Tang, 2020). Overall, all these cells must be coordinated by the central nervous system. How another Factor can Influence the Response Genes will change how one response to opioids. For instance, a person with either DARPP-32 or PSD-95 will show physiological response symptoms when presented with opioids while the individual without the genes will not show any signs. References Abbasian, F., Lockington, R., Megharaj, M., & Naidu, R. (2016). A review on the genetics of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology, 178(2), 224-250. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12010-015-1881-y Liu, N., & Tang, M. (2020). Toxic effects and involved molecular pathways of nanoparticles on cells and subcellular organelles. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 40(1), 16-36. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jat.3817 McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis,