[ANSWERED 2023] Discuss the correlation between nursing education and positive patient outcomes. Include current research that links patient safety outcomes to advanced degrees in nursing
Discuss the correlation between nursing education and positive patient outcomes. Include current research that links patient safety outcomes to advanced degrees in nursing Topic 3 DQ 1 Discuss the correlation between nursing education and positive patient outcomes. Include current research that links patient safety outcomes to advanced degrees in nursing. Based on some real-life experiences, explain whether you agree or disagree with this research. Expert Answer and Explanation Nursing Education and Positive Patient Outcome According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), an organization that has since championed nursing education across the US, education has improved positive patient outcomes by impacting nurses with skills and knowledge to provide quality and safe care. The organization notes that healthcare professionals with Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degrees can provide safe care as stipulated by federal, state, or local level governments. BSN nurses are prized for their leadership, critical thinking, health promotion, and case management abilities. These skills are critical in the provision of quality care. Melnyk et al. (2018) found that nursing education level is linked with positive patient outcomes. The authors found that nurse education was related to lower failure-to-rescue rate and lower mortality in their study. The researchers recommended that nurses should increase their education for them to provide quality care. I agree, will the research. In real-life experience, lowly skilled healthcare professionals often refer patients to highly skilled caregivers to help clients. Another study done by Zhang and Cui (2018) found that highly educate nurses can help reduce the rate of falls, hospital-acquired infections, and high mortality. For instance, high educated and qualified healthcare professionals have the skills and knowledge they can use to perform proper surgical procedures, hence reducing the rate of surgical site infections. As a result, the patient being operated by qualified and highly educated healthcare professionals will have high patient satisfaction and positive outcomes, such as high bed turnover. Leadership skills are also fundamental when it comes to positive patient outcomes. Nursing leaders can make effective decisions and design policies that can improve patient outcomes. References Melnyk, B. M., Gallagher‐Ford, L., Zellefrow, C., Tucker, S., Thomas, B., Sinnott, L. T., & Tan, A. (2018). The first US study on nurses’ evidence‐based practice competencies indicates major deficits that threaten healthcare quality, safety, and patient outcomes. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 15(1), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12269 Zhang, J., & Cui, Q. (2018). Collaborative learning in higher nursing education: A systematic review. Journal of Professional Nursing, 34(5), 378-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2018.07.007 Alternative Expert Answer and Explanation The correlation between nursing education and positive patient outcomes According to research, nursing education results in positive patient outcomes. This is because nurses, when they decide to increase their knowledge, they become aware of new and better methods that can be used in handling patients. By so doing, the quality of services that they will be offering their patients improves (Cotterill-Walker, 2022). During the current time, diseases have evolved, and the old practices in offering care that had been effective for decades most of them are turning out to be obsolete and they cannot be relied on. When a nurse fails to educate themselves on these changes, they will continue to offer substandard services, and their patients will continue to suffer as a result. Due to this fact, it is recommended for nurses to always update themselves on the new information that will help better the services that they offer. Current research that links patient safety outcomes to advanced degrees in nursing Research conducted by Doctor Aiken in Medical Care proved that a 10 percent increase in the proportion of BSN-prepared nurses led to a reduction in the risk of death by 5 percent (Dubois, 2019). This research was conducted with the intensions of figuring out whether nursing education had a positive effect on patient outcomes. The findings were true that education helped nurses in offering better and improved services. My opinion on the research I agree with the outcomes of the research since the more a nurse was informed, the more likely they were to offer better services to their patients, unlike those who failed to increase their knowledge in their field of expertise. References Cotterill-Walker, S. M. (2022). Where is the evidence that master’s level nursing education makes a difference to patient care? A literature review. Nurse Education Today, 32(1), 57-64. Dubois, C. A., D’amour, D., Tchouaket, E., Clarke, S., Rivard, M., & Blais, R. (2019). Associations of patient safety outcomes with models of nursing care organization at unit level in hospitals. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 25(2), 110-117. Topic 3 DQ 2 Discuss the difference between a DNP and a PhD in nursing. Discuss which of these you would choose to pursue if you decide to continue your education to the doctoral level and explain why. Expert Answer and Explanation DNP and a PhD Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree is an educational program aimed to produce nurses in advanced clinical practice. Nurses who have undergone the DNP program have the highest level of nursing knowledge and expertise. They can work either in leadership roles or in clinical settings (Fullerton, Schuiling, & Sipe, 2019). On the other hand, a Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing (PhD) degree is an educational program that focuses on improving the knowledge of nurses in science and research. This degree is meant to prepare masters degree nurses in nursing research by proving them will skill in research and knowledge in science. The fundamental difference between DNP and PhD in nursing is that DNP focuses on improving nurses’ knowledge in clinical practice while PhD aims at improving advanced nurses’ skills in healthcare research and knowledge in healthcare science (Hartjes et al. 2019). Another difference is that nurses with PhD certificates can teach research in nursing schools, but DNP nurses cannot teach the same subject. If I chose to pursue advanced nursing education, I would go for DNP. My dream was to become a healthcare professional so that I can provide care to my family and
[ANSWERED 2023] Research the health-illness continuum and its relevance to patient care. In a 750-1,000-word paper, discuss the relevance of the continuum to
Research the health-illness continuum and its relevance to patient care. In a 750-1,000-word paper, discuss the relevance of the continuum Research the health-illness continuum and its relevance to patient care. In a 750-1,000-word paper, discuss the relevance of the continuum to patient care and present a perspective of your current state of health in relation to the wellness spectrum. Include the following: Examine the health-illness continuum and discuss why this perspective is important to consider in relation to health and the human experience when caring for patients. Explain how understanding the health-illness continuum enables you, as a health care provider, to better promote the value and dignity of individuals or groups and to serve others in ways that promote human flourishing and are consistent with the Christian worldview. Reflect on your overall state of health. Discuss what behaviors support or detract from your health and well-being. Explain where you currently fall on the health-illness continuum. Discuss the options and resources available to you to help you move toward wellness on the health-illness spectrum. Describe how these would assist in moving you toward wellnReflect on your overall state of health. Discuss what behaviors support or detract from your health and well-being. Explain where you currently fall on the health-illness continuumess (managing a chronic disease, recovering from an illness, self-actualization, etc.). You are required to cite a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years, appropriate for the assignment criteria, and relevant to nursing practice. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance. Benchmark Information This benchmark assesses the following programmatic competency: RN-BSN 5.3: Understand the human experience across the health-illness continuum. Rubric Criteria Total110 points Criterion 1. Unsatisfactory 2. Insufficient 3. Approaching 4. Acceptable 5. Target Mechanics of Writing Includes spelling, capitalization, punctuation, grammar, language use, sentence structure, etc. 0 points Errors in grammar or syntax are pervasive and impede meaning. Incorrect language choice or sentence structure errors are found throughout. 4.95 points Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors are present. Inconsistencies in language choice or sentence structure are recurrent. 5.21 points Occasional mechanical errors are present. Language choice is generally appropriate. Varied sentence structure is attempted. 5.87 points Few mechanical errors are present. Suitable language choice and sentence structure are used. 6.6 points No mechanical errors are present. Appropriate language choice and sentence structure are used throughout. Development, Structure, and Conclusion Advances position or purpose throughout writing; conclusion aligns to and evolves from development. 0 points No advancement of the thesis, position, or purpose is evident. Connections between paragraphs are missing or inappropriate. No conclusion is offered. 5.78 points Writing lacks logical progression of the thesis, position, or purpose. Some organization is attempted, but ideas are disconnected. Conclusion is unclear and not supported by the overall development of the purpose. 6.08 points Limited advancement of thesis, position, or purpose is discernable. There are inconsistencies in organization or the relationship of ideas. Conclusion is simplistic and not fully aligned to the development of the purpose. 6.85 points The thesis, position, or purpose is advanced in most aspects. Ideas clearly build on each other. Conclusion aligns to the development of the purpose. 7.7 points The thesis, position, or purpose is logically advanced throughout. The progression of ideas is coherent and unified. A clear and logical conclusion aligns to the development of the purpose. Format/Documentation Uses appropriate style, such as APA, MLA, etc., for college, subject, and level; documents sources using citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., appropriate to assignment and discipline. 0 points Appropriate format is not used. No documentation of sources is provided. 3.3 points Appropriate format is attempted, but some elements are missing. Frequent errors in documentation of sources are evident. 3.48 points Appropriate format and documentation are used, although there are some obvious errors. 3.92 points Appropriate format and documentation are used with only minor errors. 4.4 points No errors in formatting or documentation are present. Evidence Selects and integrates evidence to support and advance position/purpose; considers other perspectives. 0 points Evidence to support the thesis, position, or purpose is absent. The writing relies entirely on the perspective of the writer. 4.95 points Evidence is limited or irrelevant. The interpretation of other perspectives is superficial or incorrect. 5.21 points Evidence is used but is insufficient or of limited relevance. Simplistic explanation or integration of other perspectives is present. 5.87 points Relevant evidence that includes other perspectives is used. 6.6 points Specific and appropriate evidence is included. Relevant perspectives of others are clearly considered. Refection on Personal State of Health and the Health-Illness Continuum A reflection of personal state of health is provided. 0 points Reflection on personal overall state of health is omitted. 12.38 points A partial summary of personal overall state of health is included. The summary is not informative. Behaviors supporting or detracting from health and well-being are omitted or incomplete. 13.04 points A general discussion of personal overall state of health is included. Overall the discussion demonstrates some insight into some behaviors supporting or detracting from health and well-being. The author does not clearly establish where personal health falls on the health-illness continuum. 14.69 points A discussion of personal state of health is included. The discussion demonstrates personal insight into overall behaviors supporting or detracting from health and well-being. The author establishes where personal health falls on the health-illness continuum. 16.5 points A well-developed discussion of personal state of health is included. The discussion demonstrates strong personal insight into behaviors supporting or detracting from health and well-being. The author clearly establishes where personal health falls on the health-illness continuum. Importance of Health-Illness Continuum to Health and Patient Care (B) A discussion on the importance of the health-illness continuum in relation to health and the human experience in patient care is presented. (C5.3) 0 points A discussion on the health-illness continuum, including why this perspective is
[ANSWERED 2023] Patient AO has a history of obesity and has recently gained 9 pounds. The patient has been
Patient AO has a history of obesity and has recently gained 9 pounds. The patient has been For Week 2, you will examine how patient factors may influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of pharmacotherapeutics used in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. You also explore ways to improve drug therapy plans for cardiovascular disorders based on patient factors and overall health needs. When writing your Week 2 Assignment, consider the following scenario: Patient AO has a history of obesity and has recently gained 9 pounds. The patient has been diagnosed with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Drugs currently prescribed include the following: Atenolol 12.5 mg daily Doxazosin 8 mg daily Hydralazine 10 mg qid Sertraline 25 mg daily Simvastatin 80 mg daily Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines are fundamental to clinical practice, as they assist providers with clinical decision making. I have attached some applicable guidelines below for your reference. I would strongly suggest you review the applicable guidelines prior to making treatment recommendations for the case study. 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for Mgmt of HTN in Adults_JNC8.pdf 2017 ACC-AHA Guideline Mgmt HTN in Adults.pdf 2018 AHA-ACC Guideline on Mgmt Blood Cholesterol.pdf 2017 ACC-AHA-HFSA Guideline Mgmt HF.pdf ASH 2018 Guidelines Mgmt of VTE_Optimal Anticoag.pdf 2019 AHA-ACC-HRS Guideline for Mgmt A Fib.pdf 2017 AHA-ACC Guideline Mgmt Valvular Heart Disease.pdf Week 2: Cardiovascular System Alterations of the cardiovascular system can cause serious adverse events and may lead to death when not treated in a timely and safe manner. Unfortunately, many patients with cardiovascular disorders are unaware until complications appear. In clinical settings, patients often present with symptoms of several cardiovascular disorders, making it essential for you, as the advanced practice nurse, to be able to recognize these symptoms and recommend appropriate drug treatment options. This week, you examine the impact of patient factors that may lead to changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes on patient drug therapy for cardiovascular disorders. You also explore ways to improve drug therapy plans for cardiovascular disorders based on patient factors and overall health needs. Learning Objectives Students will: Analyze the influence of patient factors on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes Analyze the impact of changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes on patient drug therapies Evaluate drug therapy plans for cardiovascular disorders Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders …heart disease remains the No. 1 killer in America; nearly half of all Americans have high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or smoke—some of the leading risk factors for heart disease… —Murphy et al., 2018 Despite the high mortality rates associated with cardiovascular disorders, improved treatment options do exist that can help address those risk factors that afflict the majority of the population today. As an advanced practice nurse, it is your responsibility to recommend appropriate treatment options for patients with cardiovascular disorders. To ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug therapy, advanced practice nurses must consider aspects that might influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes such as medical history, other drugs currently prescribed, and individual patient factors. Reference: Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., Kochanek, K. D., & Arias, E. (2018). Mortality in the United States, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db328.htm To Prepare Review the Resources for this module and consider the impact of potential pharmacotherapeutics for cardiovascular disorders introduced in the media piece. Review the case study assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment. Select one the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior factors. Reflect on how the factor you selected might influence the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Consider how changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy. Think about how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Reflect on whether you would modify the current drug treatment or provide an alternative treatment option for the patient. By Day 7 of Week 2 Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following: Explain how the factor you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient from the case study you were assigned. Describe how changes in the processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy. Be specific and provide examples. Explain how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan and explain why you would make these recommended improvements. Grading Rubric Explain how the factor you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient from the case study you were assigned.–Levels of Achievement: Excellent 23 (23%) – 25 (25%) The response accurately and completely explains in detail how the factor selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient. Good 20 (20%) – 22 (22%) The response provides a basic explanation of how the factor selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient. Fair 18 (18%) – 19 (19%) The response inaccurately or vaguely explains how the factor selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient. Poor 0 (0%) – 17 (17%) The response inaccurately and vaguely explains how the factor selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient, or is missing. Feedback: Describe how changes in the processes might impact the patient‘s recommended drug therapy. Be specific and provide examples.–Levels of Achievement: Excellent 27 (27%) – 30 (30%) The response accurately and completely describes in detail how changes in the processes might impact the patient‘s recommended drug therapy. Accurate, complete, and aligned examples are provided to support the response. Good 24 (24%) – 26 (26%) The response accurately describes how changes in the processes might impact the patient‘s recommended drug therapy. Accurate examples may be provided to support the response. Fair 21 (21%) – 23 (23%) The response inaccurately or vaguely describes how changes in the processes might impact the patient‘s recommended drug therapy. Inaccurate or vague examples are provided to support the response. Poor 0 (0%) – 20 (20%) The response inaccurately and vaguely describes how changes in the processes might impact the patient‘s recommended drug therapy, or is missing. Inaccurate and vague examples may be provided to support the response, or is missing. Feedback: Explain how you might improve the patient‘s drug therapy plan,
[ANSWERED 2022] A 46-year-old female reports pain in both of her ankles, but she is more concerned about her right ankle. She was playing soccer over the weekend and heard a “pop.” She is able to bear weight, but it is uncomfortable
A 46-year-old female reports pain in both of her ankles, but she is more concerned about her right ankle. She was playing soccer over the weekend and heard a “pop.” The body is constantly sending signals about its health. One of the most easily recognized signals is pain. Musculoskeletal conditions comprise one of the leading causes of severe long-term pain in patients. The musculoskeletal system is an elaborate system of interconnected levers that provides the body with support and mobility. Because of the interconnectedness of the musculoskeletal system, identifying the causes of pain can be challenging. Accurately interpreting the cause of musculoskeletal pain requires an assessment process informed by patient history and physical exams. In this Discussion, you will consider case studies that describe abnormal findings in patients seen in a clinical setting. To prepare: Your Discussion post should be in the Episodic/Focused SOAP Note format rather than the traditional narrative style Discussion posting format. Refer to Chapter 2 of the Sullivan text and the Episodic/Focused SOAP Template in the Week 5 Learning Resources for guidance. Remember that all Episodic/Focused SOAP notes have specific data included in every patient case. Review the following case study: Case 1: Back Pain A 42-year-old male reports pain in his lower back for the past month. The pain sometimes radiates to his left leg. In determining the cause of the back pain, based on your knowledge of anatomy, what nerve roots might be involved? How would you test for each of them? What other symptoms need to be explored? What are your differential diagnoses for acute low back pain? Consider the possible origins using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) guidelines as a framework. What physical examination will you perform? What special maneuvers will you perform? Case 2: Ankle Pain A 46-year-old female reports pain in both of her ankles, but she is more concerned about her right ankle. She was playing soccer over the weekend and heard a “pop.” She is able to bear weight, but it is uncomfortable. In determining the cause of the ankle pain, based on your knowledge of anatomy, what foot structures are likely involved? What other symptoms need to be explored? What are your differential diagnoses for ankle pain? What physical examination will you perform? What special maneuvers will you perform? Should you apply the Ottawa ankle rules to determine if you need additional testing? Case 3: Knee Pain A 15-year-old male reports dull pain in both knees. Sometimes one or both knees click, and the patient describes a catching sensation under the patella. In determining the causes of the knee pain, what additional history do you need? What categories can you use to differentiate knee pain? What are your specific differential diagnoses for knee pain? What physical examination will you perform? What anatomic structures are you assessing as part of the physical examination? What special maneuvers will you perform? With regard to the case study you were assigned: Review this week’s Learning Resources, and consider the insights they provide about the case study. Consider what history would be necessary to collect from the patient in the case study you were assigned. Consider what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate to gather more information about the patient’s condition. How would the results be used to make a diagnosis? Identify at least five possible conditions that may be considered in a differential diagnosis for the patient. Post an episodic/focused note about the patient in the case study to which you were assigned using the episodic/focused note template provided in the Week 5 resources. Provide evidence from the literature to support diagnostic tests that would be appropriate for each case. List five different possible conditions for the patient’s differential diagnosis, and justify why you selected each. Rubric Detail Excellent Good Fair Poor Main Posting 45 (45%) – 50 (50%) “Answers all parts of the Discussion question(s) with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources. Supported by at least three current, credible sources. Written clearly and concisely with no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style. 40 (40%) – 44 (44%) “Responds to the Discussion question(s) and is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. At least 75% of post has exceptional depth and breadth. Supported by at least three credible sources. Written clearly and concisely with one or no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style. 35 (35%) – 39 (39%) “Responds to some of the Discussion question(s). One or two criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed. Is somewhat lacking reflection and critical analysis and synthesis. Somewhat represents knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. Post is cited with two credible sources. Written somewhat concisely; may contain more than two spelling or grammatical errors. Contains some APA formatting errors. 0 (0%) – 34 (34%) “Does not respond to the Discussion question(s) adequately. Lacks depth or superficially addresses criteria. Lacks reflection and critical analysis and synthesis. Does not represent knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. Contains only one or no credible sources. Not written clearly or concisely. Contains more than two spelling or grammatical errors. Does not adhere to current APA manual writing rules and style. Main Post: Timeliness 10 (10%) – 10 (10%) Posts main post by Day 3. 0 (0%) – 0 (0%) N/A 0 (0%) – 0 (0%) N/A 0 (0%) – 0 (0%) Does not post main post by Day 3. First Response 17 (17%) – 18 (18%) “Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings. Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources. Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of Learning Objectives. Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed. Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. 15 (15%) – 16 (16%) “Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings. Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. Responses to faculty questions are answered, if
[ANSWERED 2023] ML is a 54 yo Hispanic female with hx of chronic shoulder and back pain that began 10 years ago when she was in a boating accident.
ML is a 54 yo Hispanic female with hx of chronic shoulder and back pain that began 10 You are a new FNP in a restricted state and have your DEA license, and state furnishing for schedule II-V controlled substances. You are working at a busy family practice group, and you have a patient, ML, that is establishing care for the first time with your practice and comes to you with the following scenario: ML is a 54 yo Hispanic female with hx of chronic shoulder and back pain that began 10 years ago when she was in a boating accident. She lives in both US and Mexico, making regular visits across the border. Lately, she has stayed in the US due to Covid border crossing constraints, living with her daughter’s family. She had rotator cuff surgery in 2011 and reports to you that due to a long operation and poor positioning, she has suffered from not only pain, but also chronic numbness and tingling in her R shoulder. As “la abuela” (grandma), she is the primary caregiver of the children and homemaker for her family. Her pain is exacerbated with housework, and especially with the prolonged carrying of her grandchildren; one of which is 10 m.o. Currently, her med list is as follows Losartan 50 mg BID for HTN Gabapentin 300 mg po BID for pain Atorvastatin 40 mg daily for cholesterol Diazepam 5 mg po up to TID prn pain Norco 5/325 mg – takes up to two, sometimes up to 4-5x a day, prn pain She is a smoker, only smokes outside the house, and drinks 2-3 cans of beer on the weekends, but more on family celebrations. She denies recreational drugs and denies past overdoses. She has recently moved to CA more permanently to stay to take care of children during Covid/school closures. She asks you to refill all her meds for 6 months, like her doctor in Mexico did, so she doesn’t have to make another co-pay and come back and see you so often. It’s hard for her to get an appointment, and with Covid, her daughter has to take off of work to watch the kids so that she can come to you by bus (since there is only one family car). Here VS are 135/75, 80, 97.5, 20 and PE unremarkable other than R shoulder exam with pain with ROM, but full ROM, no tenderness, otherwise normal, back exam including SLR are normal/neg In 600 or fewer words, but a minimum of 250, please describe your approach with this patient. In your response, include the following: What concerns do you have about her current regimen, and what alternatives will you discuss and offer? What other screenings might you apply? What are your own ethical standards on this case that you might consider in addition to legal standards? Provide a sample of an appropriate pain contract that would suit this patient and address her specific safety concerns (cite it and attach the actual contract you found – you do not have to make your own – there are plenty online). Include your steps to ensure safe prescribing. Include the registry you will search prior to any prescribing; name the CA registry, and if you are in a different state, you should name that registry also. If you were to keep her current list, what are the laws surrounding refills and the amounts you are allowed to dispense with the schedule II and III medications in the state of CA? In your own state? Which medications on her list may you call into the pharmacy, and which would you need a written script or electronic order? What are some elements required to include on the prescription form (paper or electronic signature) for the scheduled medications? After you prescribe, how, when, and where would you (or your staff) go about making a report of your scheduled prescription in the state registry so that other prescribers and pharmacies could be aware? In restricted states, APRN prescribers must follow a standardized procedure or protocol for furnishing schedule II and III controlled substances with a patient-specific approach. Please outline the minimum required components of a protocol. You may outline this in bullet form. Alternatively, you may find an appropriate protocol, clinical guideline, or standardized procedure from a literature search and attach it in lieu of outlining your own protocol. Expert Answer and Explanation What concerns do you have about her current regimen, and what alternatives will you discuss and offer? What other screenings might you apply? What are your own ethical standards on this case that you might consider in addition to legal standards? The main concern in the current regimen of ML is the combination of medications she is taking. In addition, she also consumes alcohol every week. The danger of a potentially fatal overdose increases when opioids are used with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, or xylazine. Benzodiazepines increase the brain’s concentration of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2022). Concurrent use of opioids, benzodiazepines, and gabapentin among patients is linked to a number of negative consequences (Olopoenia et al., 2022). I will add urine drug testing. Urine test has been recommended for patients getting long-term opioid or benzodiazepine therapy, and it is a crucial part of monitoring patients undergoing long-term opioid therapy (Kale, 2019). In addition to legal standards in managing ML’s pain, I will incorporate an ethical patient-centered approach; it is based on a foundation of trust between patients and physicians and is one of the main goals of pain treatment. This type of therapy entails a thorough assessment to determine any possibly curable sources of pain, as well as quantifiable treatment results with an emphasis on function and quality of life optimization. It is the responsibility of clinicians to enhance patient safety (CDC, 2023). I will encourage the patient to try non-pharmacologic approaches to pain management. Pain and function may be improved by noninvasive, nonpharmacologic treatments,
[ANSWERED 2024] Identify A Population To Assess And Develop An Evidence-Based, Primary Care Health Promotion Recommendations To Deliver In Their Own Communities (Ex: Hispanics-Diabetes, Africanamericans
Identify A Population To Assess And Develop An Evidence-Based, Primary Care Health Identify A Population To Assess And Develop An Evidence-Based, Primary Care Health Promotion Recommendations To Deliver In Their Own Communities (Ex: Hispanics-Diabetes, Africanamericans And Prostate Cancer,Etc). This An Example Of A Student Posting: Each Population Has Some Specific Health Issues That Can Require Health Promotion Programs. American Indian Population Attracts Attention In This Context Because Of The Specific State Of Affairs. Although This Population Has Several Main Health Issues For Which Health Promotion Can Be Required, All These Issues Can Be Solved By Following The Directions That Cause A Generally Healthy Lifestyle. According To The U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services (N.D.), The Main Issues In The American Indian Population Is Diabetes, Obesity, And Tobacco Use. Even Though Those Are Three Different Issues, The Health Promotion For Solving Them Is Quite Similar. Such Promotions Have To Be Generally Focused On A Healthy Lifestyle. This Means Healthy Nutrition – Less Fat And Sweet Food And More Healthy Food And Balanced Nutrition. The Next Item Is Physical Activity – Starting With Such Common Advice As More Walking And Ending With Making Sport A Healthy Habit. This Advice Is Also Helpful For Coping With Tobacco Use. This Habit Often Appears When A Person Has Stress With Which It Is Hard To Cope. However, Sport Is Helpful In Decreasing The Level Of Stress, And Therefore, It Can Be Useful To Break The Smoking Habit. Therefore, One Can See That Advice Directed On Causing A Healthy Lifestyle Is Helpful For Coping With Health Issues, Widespread In The American Indian Population. This Way, One Can See That Even Though The American Indian Population Has Several Main Health Issues That Can Require Healthcare Promotion Programs, All These Issues Can Be Solved By Following The Directions That Cause A Generally Healthy Lifestyle. The Issues Of Diabetes, Obesity, And Tobacco Can Be Solved With Healthy Nutrition And Physical Activity. Reference U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Health Promotion. Retrieved 20 March 2020, from https://www.ihs.gov/communityhealth/hpdp/ Expert Answer and Explanation Health promotion for Hispanics Population Different populations grapple with different health issues, and for the Hispanics, diabetes presents a major health concern. Although this population is at risk of developing various conditions linked to individual lifestyle behaviors, diabetes seems to be the most prevalent disease in this group. This group constitutes individuals of various sub-ethnic groups including Mexicans, Cubans and Puerto Ricans. In the United States (U.S.), 4 in 10 adults are at risk of developing the disease. Among members of the Hispanics communities, however, 1 in 2 adult individuals are likely to develop the disease (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). Certain key factors may explain the high incidences of the disease among members of the Hispanic population. Genetics play a role in the development of this clinical condition. While the degree of impact of the gene on the risk is unclear, it is possible that genetics plays a role in the development of the illness. However, food can also explain the high risk of the disease in this group. Individuals who are members of this culture eat food that is high in calories and fat, and based on this culture, it is wrong for one to throw away food (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). This is the reason behind high rates of obesity in the population. Therefore, it is also possible that high cases of obesity in this group causes an increase in high rates of diabetes. Because of the high rates of diabetes in this group, there is need to promote the health of the Hispanics through education. The goal of the education is to bring the change of behavior, and empower Hispanics to learn how they can manage their own health. For example, they can learn how to integrate physiotherapy into their personal health promotion plan (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2020). References Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Hispanic/Latino Americans and Type 2 Diabetes. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/hispanic-diabetes.html. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Health Promotion. https://www.ihs.gov/communityhealth/hpdp/. Place your order now on the similar assignment and get fast, cheap and best quality work written by our expert level assignment writers. FAQs African American Culture Healthcare Beliefs: Understanding the Historical, Social, and Cultural Contexts Healthcare beliefs and practices are deeply rooted in the cultural, social, and historical contexts of a community. Understanding these contexts is crucial for healthcare providers to provide culturally competent care. In this article, we will explore the healthcare beliefs of African Americans, one of the most diverse and vibrant ethnic groups in the United States. Historical Context The healthcare beliefs of African Americans are closely tied to their historical experiences, particularly the legacy of slavery, racism, and discrimination. Slaves were often denied access to healthcare and medical treatment, and their traditional healing practices were deemed inferior and even criminalized. This legacy of mistrust and skepticism towards the medical establishment still lingers in the African American community, and it shapes their attitudes towards healthcare today. Social Context The social context of African American healthcare beliefs is shaped by various factors such as socioeconomic status, education level, geographic location, and access to healthcare. African Americans are more likely to live in poverty, lack health insurance, and have limited access to quality healthcare facilities and services. These disparities contribute to a higher burden of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, in the African American community. Cultural Context African American healthcare beliefs are also shaped by their cultural heritage, which is rich and diverse. African Americans have a long tradition of holistic and spiritual healing practices, which incorporate elements of religion, faith, and community. Many African Americans rely on their family and friends for emotional and social support, and they often seek the advice of trusted community leaders and healers when it comes to health issues. Traditional Healing Practices: African American traditional healing practices include herbal remedies, spiritual healing, and home remedies. These practices are often passed down through generations and are
[ANSWERED 2023] Identify a common perceptual, neurological, or cognitive issue and discuss contributing factors. Outline steps for prevention or health promotion for the patient and family
Identify a common perceptual, neurological, or cognitive issue and discuss contributing factors. Identify a common perceptual, neurological, or cognitive issue and discuss contributing factors. Outline steps for prevention or health promotion for the patient and family. DQ1: Expert Answer and Explanation Cognitive Issue One common cognitive issue within the community setting is dementia. Dementia is characterized by the gradual deterioration of the brain with regards to thinking, memory, behavior, and the overall ability to undertake daily activities. Various elements constitute the risk factors of dementia among the general population. One of the main risk factors for dementia is the advancement in the age of an individual (Booker et al., 2016). Aging causes increased cell death within the brain leading to severe impacts of dementia on the patient. Other factors include genetics based on family history, smoking or alcohol use, cholesterol, and atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque). These factors can either be preventable through lifestyle changes while others cannot be prevented such as aging or genetic affiliation. Severe dementia can lead to Alzheimer’s disease which is irreversible and can have significant symptoms to the patent. There are various ways in which a nurse can conduct disease prevention and health promotion for the patient and family. To begin with, sensitizing the patient and family on the non-preventable risks such as age and genetics are important in creating acceptance and support caring for the patients (Smith, 2016). Concerning the preventable risks, it is essential for nurses to provides patient awareness of the measures that can be taken to avoid the risks of getting the disease. for instance, sensitizing on lifestyle changes, improved exercises for the overweight or obese, and avoidance of smoking and use of alcohol can help promote health among the population. To address disease prevention, the nurses and healthcare practitioners can conduct community care where early diagnosis is conducted to identify the illness in its early stages and treat it before it gets severe and irreversible. References Booker, A., Jacob, L. E., Rapp, M., Bohlken, J., & Kostev, K. (2016). Risk Factors For Dementia Diagnosis In German Primary Care Practices. International Psychogeriatrics, 28(7), 1059-1065. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610215002082 Smith, G. E. (2016). Healthy cognitive aging and dementia prevention. American Psychologist, 71(4), 268. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040250 DQ 1: Alternative Answer Health Promotion for Dementia Cognitive issues come in different types, and each type can have unique symptoms. One of these issues is the dementia, and it is characterized by various symptoms. A personal with this cognitive condition will experience the loss of their memory, and they may experience challenges performing various familiar tasks including coming up with solutions to problems. Manifestation of the symptoms of this condition additionally include the inability of one to understand visual information, and they may not speak or write in a coherent manner (Rakesh et al., 2017). Besides, people with this cognitive disorder misplace things.Various factors can alter one’s cognitive functioning, and ultimately cause this cognitive disorder. Certain classes of medications, for instance, can induce this disorder, and the risk may be high if one has to take medications to treat a lifetime illness such as Human Immunodeficiency Viral (HIV) infections. A class of pharmacological drugs that can increase one’s exposure to this condition is the anticholinergic medication. Still, the HIV infection, can cause this disorder if this infection progresses to an advanced stage (Carmeli & Imam, 2014). Encephalopathy describes a condition in which this infection adversely damages the brain. However, physical injuries as well as a number of diseases including the Parkinson’s can cause one to develop this disease. The health promotion for dementia patients should focus on the prevention of the cognitive decline for at risk populations. It is important to recommend to the patient a diet that can improve their memory, and fish as well as fruits are known to be effective in terms of improving one’s memory. Another prevention is conducting medical examinations to identify the presence of certain medical conditions which can increase one’s risk of developing the disorder. It is also imperative to promote awareness to help at risk populations be aware of how they can prevent injuries (Budson & Solomon, 2015). Involving the family in planning for the treatment can be helpful in the sense that it encourages adherence to clinical instructions. References Budson, A. E., & Solomon, P. R. (2015). Memory Loss, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia E-Book: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Carmeli, E., & Imam, B. (2014). Health promotion and disease prevention strategies in older adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Frontiers in public health, 2, 31. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00031. Rakesh, G., Szabo, S. T., Alexopoulos, G. S., & Zannas, A. S. (2017). Strategies for dementia prevention: latest evidence and implications. Therapeutic advances in chronic disease, 8(8-9), 121–136. doi:10.1177/2040622317712442. Discuss characteristic findings for a stroke and how it affects the lives of patients and their families. Discuss the nurse’s role in supporting the patient’s psychological and emotional needs. Provide an example. DQ 2: Expert Answer and Explanation Impact of Stroke The occurrence of a stroke happens when the overall supply of blood to the parts of the brain is reduced or interrupted which prevents the brain tissues from being supplied with sufficient nutrients and oxygen. Without brain cell oxygenation, they begin to die after a few minutes leading to a stroke and potentially cause permanent brain damage (He et al., 2018). There are two main causes of stroke including hemorrhagic stroke (evidenced by leaking or bursting artery due to head injuries or trauma from accidents) or ischemic stroke (evidenced by a blocked artery either by a clot or due to fat deposits inside the arteries). There are characteristics and symptoms associate with stroke with the prime including difficulty in speaking, paralysis in one side of the body, headache, and difficulties in walking. These symptoms vary in different stroke patients depending on the affected part of the brain (He et al., 2018). Risk factors associated with stroke can be divided into either lifestyle risk factors or medical risk factors. Lifestyle factors include obesity, physical inactivity, and use of alcohol or
[ANSWERED 2023] Jessica is a 30-year-old immigrant from Mexico City. She and her husband Marco have been in the United States for the last three years and have finally earned enough money to move out of their
Jessica is a 30-year-old immigrant from Mexico City. She and her husband Marco have been in the United States for the last three years and have finally earned enough money to move out of their Case Study: Fetal Abnormality Jessica is a 30-year-old immigrant from Mexico City. She and her husband Marco have been in the United States for the last three years and have finally earned enough money to move out of their Aunt Maria’s home and into an apartment of their own. They are both hard workers. Jessica works 50 hours a week at a local restaurant and Marco has been contracting side jobs in construction. Six months before their move to an apartment, Jessica finds out she is pregnant. Four months later, Jessica and Marco arrive at the county hospital, a large, public, nonteaching hospital. A preliminary ultrasound indicates a possible abnormality with the fetus. Further scans are conducted, and it is determined that the fetus has a rare condition in which it has not developed any arms and will not likely develop them. There is also a 25% chance that the fetus may have Down syndrome. Dr. Wilson, the primary attending physician, is seeing Jessica for the first time, since she and Marco did not receive earlier prenatal care over concerns about finances. Marco insists that Dr. Wilson refrain from telling Jessica the scan results, assuring him that he will tell his wife himself when she is emotionally ready for the news. While Marco and Dr. Wilson are talking in another room, Aunt Maria walks into the room with a distressed look on her face. She can tell that something is wrong and inquires of Dr. Wilson. After hearing of the diagnosis, she walks out of the room wailing loudly and praying aloud. Marco and Dr. Wilson continue their discussion, and Dr. Wilson insists that he has an obligation to Jessica as his patient and that she has a right to know the diagnosis of the fetus. He furthermore is intent on discussing all relevant factors and options regarding the next step, including abortion. Marco insists on taking some time to think of how to break the news to Jessica, but Dr. Wilson, frustrated with the direction of the conversation, informs the husband that such a choice is not his to make. Dr. Wilson proceeds back across the hall, where he walks in on Aunt Maria awkwardly praying with Jessica and phoning the priest. At that point, Dr. Wilson gently but briefly informs Jessica of the diagnosis and lays out the option for abortion as a responsible medical alternative, given the quality of life such a child would have. Jessica looks at him and struggles to hold back her tears. Jessica is torn between her hopes of a better socioeconomic position and increased independence, along with her conviction that all life is sacred. Marco will support Jessica in whatever decision she makes but is finding it difficult not to view the pregnancy and the prospects of a disabled child as a burden and a barrier to their economic security and plans. Dr. Wilson lays out all of the options but clearly makes his view known that abortion is “scientifically” and medically a wise choice in this situation. Aunt Maria pleads with Jessica to follow through with the pregnancy and allow what “God intends” to take place and urges Jessica to think of her responsibility as a mother. Assignment Based on “Case Study: Fetal Abnormality” and other required topic study materials, write a 750-1,000-word reflection that answers the following questions: What is the Christian view of the nature of human persons, and which theory of moral status is it compatible with? How is this related to the intrinsic human value and dignity? Which theory or theories are being used by Jessica, Marco, Maria, and Dr. Wilson to determine the moral status of the fetus? What from the case study specifically leads you to believe that they hold the theory you selected? How does the theory determine or influence each of their recommendations for action? What theory do you agree with? Why? How would that theory determine or influence the recommendation for action? Remember to support your responses with the topic study materials. While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance. Rubric Criteria Total200 points Criterion 1. Unsatisfactory 2. Less Than Satisfactory 3. Satisfactory 4. Good 5. Excellent Recommendation for Action Recommendation for Action 0 points Explanation of how the theory determines or influences each of their recommendations for action is insufficient. Explanation is not supported by topic study materials. 26 points Explanation of how the theory determines or influences each of their recommendations for action is unclear. Explanation unclearly supported by topic study materials. 30 points Explanation of how the theory determines or influences each of their recommendations for action is clear. Explanation is supported by topic study materials. 34 points Explanation of how the theory determines or influences each of their recommendations for action is clear and demonstrates an understanding of the theory. Explanation is supported by topic study materials. 40 points Explanation of how the theory determines or influences each of their recommendations for action is clear, insightful, and demonstrates a deep understanding of the theory and its impact on recommendation for action. Explanation is supported by topic study materials. Documentation of Sources Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style) 0 points Sources are not documented. 6.5 points Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors. 7.5 points Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present. 8.5 points
[ANSWERED 2023] Research a health care organization or network that spans several states with in the United States (United Healthcare, Vanguard, Banner Health, etc.).
Research a health care organization or network that spans several states with in the United States (United Healthcare, Vanguard, Banner Health, etc.). Research a health care organization or network that spans several states with in the United States (United Healthcare, Vanguard, Banner Health, etc.). Assess the readiness of the health care organization or network you chose in regard to meeting the health care needs of citizens in the next decade. Prepare a 1,000-1,250 word paper that presents your assessment and proposes a strategic plan to ensure readiness. Include the following: Describe the health care organization or network. Describe the organization\’s overall readiness based on your findings. Prepare a strategic plan to address issues pertaining to network growth, nurse staffing, resource management, and patient satisfaction. Identify any current or potential issues within the organizational culture and discuss how these issues may affect aspects of the strategic plan. Propose a theory or model that could be used to support implementation of the strategic plan for this organization. Explain why this theory or model is best. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance. Expert Answer and Explanation Health Organization Evaluation The performance of the health care sector is dependent on multiple factors. These factors can be evaluated to ensure that there are seamless operations and all aspects of care are conducted without discrepancies. The complexity of operations within the healthcare sector increases with an increase in the size and magnitude of the facility (Grube et al., 2018). An organization that spans a wide location or has multiple outlets in different regions might have challenges that should be addressed on time. In this regard, these types of organizations have to demonstrate increase readiness and preparedness when attending to patients of different issues to ensure the proper attainment of organizational goals. Preparedness is an important aspect of any organization and it can be an essential attribute to aid with strategic planning and addressing new events. The United Health Group One of the healthcare organizations that span multiple states is the United Health Group. The headquarters of the organization is based in Minnetonka, Minnesota from where the main operations are supervised and executed. The organization has been listed in the Fortune 100 as one of the leading healthcare institutions in the US (Enos, 2020). The organization is focused on improving the overall value of health care consumers through the creation of measures to reduce the cost of healthcare. Similarly, the company is also addressing the need to improving the quality of care provided to the patients by advocating for health and wellness. The advocacy is essential towards the streamlining of healthcare services and ensuring all the health care experiences for the customer are met with high satisfaction. On average, the United Health Group provides comprehensive services to more than 26.4 million Americans both in healthcare delivery and other medical plans. Besides offering medical services, the United Health Group acts as a medical insurance entity offering affordable pans to the patients. These plans are categorized into different segments including national employers mid-sized employers, public sector employers, individuals, and businesses (Jelalian et al., 2020). These plans are crucial for the patient as they can be used to cushion the burden that would have otherwise been felt from the out-of-pocket payments. Other services offered by the organization are the Medicare and retirement plans offered to the elderly individuals within the community. the program serves approximately 12.5 million senior citizens and other individuals that are eligible for the Medicare and retirement program (Enos, 2020). The other service that the facility provides is the community and state where services are offed contingent to the state in which the facility is located. These programs are directed to the community members who can benefit from the services provided by the organization. Readiness of the United Health Group Based on these findings, the United Health Group has been able to implement multiple readiness plans that have proven to be effective (Li et al., 2020). Over the years the United Health Group has put in place measures to ensure that there is convenience for patients when seeking medical care of the financing for acquired medication. The current movement is the shift from treatment and healing to the use of health promotion and prevention which is likely to help reduce cost and improve the quality of life (Grube et al., 2018). In compliance with the new model of care, the United Health Group partnered with the YMCA to create the JOIN for ME movement. the movement seeks to sensitize overweight and obesity among children and advocate for healthy body weight and the need to watch one’s diet (Jelalian et al., 2020). According to the program, the children were taught the best practices to engage in in order to reduce the chances of becoming overweight. Some of the key issues addressed include the reduction of time spent watching TV and engaging in physical activities such as walking and playing outside with other children for muscle activity. Another preparedness activity that the organization facilitated is the UnitedHealthcare Hearing which helps the patients to have affordable medical care within the plans it provides. The United Health Group doubles as both a health care facility as well as an insurance company to manage and administer patient finances and insurance covers (UnitedHealth Group, 2019). The company came up with a system called My Healthcare Cost Estimator which provides the clients with a number of comparative expenses analyses obtained from different health care providers. The information helps the patient to choose the facility to use based on their finances and quality of care (UnitedHealth Group, 2019). Strategic Plan for the Organization Network Growth The organization
[ANSWERED 2023] Patient HL comes into the clinic with the following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The patient has a history of drug abuse and possible Hepatitis C
Patient HL comes into the clinic with the following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The patient has a history of drug abuse and possible Hepatitis C Patient HL comes into the clinic with the following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatobiliary disorders affect the structure and function of the GI tract. Many of these disorders often have similar symptoms, such as abdominal pain, cramping, constipation, nausea, bloating, and fatigue. Since multiple disorders can be tied to the same symptoms, it is important for advanced practice nurses to carefully evaluate patients and prescribe a treatment that targets the cause rather than the symptom. Once the underlying cause is identified, an appropriate drug therapy plan can be recommended based on medical history and individual patient factors. In this Assignment, you examine a case study of a patient who presents with symptoms of a possible GI/hepatobiliary disorder, and you design an appropriate drug therapy plan. To Prepare Review the case study assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment Reflect on the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and drugs currently prescribed. Think about a possible diagnosis for the patient. Consider whether the patient has a disorder related to the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary system or whether the symptoms are the result of a disorder from another system or other factors, such as pregnancy, drugs, or a psychological disorder. Consider an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed By Day 7 of Week 4: Write a 1-page paper that addresses the following: Explain your diagnosis for the patient, including your rationale for the diagnosis. Describe an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed. Justify why you would recommend this drug therapy plan for this patient. Be specific and provide examples. Please review the rubric. Case Study Assigned Patient HL comes into the clinic with the following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The patient has a history of drug abuse and possible Hepatitis C. HL is currently taking the following prescription drugs: Synthroid 100 mcg daily Nifedipine 30 mg daily Prednisone 10 mg daily Reminder: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center offers an example of those required elements (available at http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm). All papers submitted must use this formatting. Rubric Detail Excellent Good Explain your diagnosis for the patient, including your rationale for the diagnosis. 23 (23%) – 25 (25%) The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the diagnosis for the patient, including an accurate and thorough rationale for the diagnosis that supports clinical judgment. 20 (20%) – 22 (22%) The response provides a basic explanation of 1-2 diagnoses for the patient, including an accurate rationale for the diagnosis that may support clinical judgment. Describe an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed. 27 (27%) – 30 (30%) The response accurately and completely describes in detail an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed. 24 (24%) – 26 (26%) The response describes a basic explanation of the appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed. Justify why you would recommend this drug therapy plan for this patient. Be specific and provide examples. 27 (27%) – 30 (30%) The response provides an accurate, clear, and detailed justification for the recommended drug therapy plan for this patient. The response includes specific, accurate, and detailed examples that fully support the justification provided. 24 (24%) – 26 (26%) The response provides a basic justification for the recommended drug therapy plan for this patient. The response includes only 1-2 examples that fully support the justification provided. Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused–neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1–2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running head, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1–2) APA format errors Total Points: 100 Fair Poor 18 (18%) – 19 (19%) The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the diagnosis for the patient, including an inaccurate or vague rationale for the diagnosis that may or may not support clinical judgment. 0 (0%) – 17 (17%) The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the diagnosis for the patient, including an inaccurate and vague rationale for the diagnosis that does not support clinical judgment, or is missing. 21 (21%) – 23 (23%) The response inaccurately or vaguely describes an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed. 0 (0%) – 20 (20%) The response inaccurately and vaguely describes an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed. 21 (21%) – 23 (23%) The response provides an inaccurate or vague justification for the recommended drug therapy plan for this patient. The response may include examples, which may inaccurately or vaguely support the justification provided. 0 (0%) – 20 (20%) The response provides an inaccurate and vague justification for the recommended drug therapy plan for this patient, or is missing. The response does not include examples that support the justification provided, or is missing. 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity less than 60% of the time. 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Contains several (3–4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Contains several (3–4) APA format errors 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors Expert Answer and Explanation Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal