Describe the differences between a board of nursing and a professional nurse association
Assignment: Describe the differences between a board of nursing and a professional nurse association Nursing is a very highly regulated profession. There are over 100 boards of nursing and national nursing associations throughout the United States and its territories. Their existence helps regulate, inform, and promote the nursing profession. With such numbers, it can be difficult to distinguish between BONs and nursing associations, and overwhelming to consider various benefits and options offered by each. Both boards of nursing and national nursing associations have significant impacts on the nurse practitioner profession and scope of practice. Understanding these differences helps lend credence to your expertise as a professional. In this Assignment, you will practice the application of such expertise by communicating a comparison of boards of nursing and professional nurse associations. You will also share an analysis of your state board of nursing. To Prepare: Assume that you are leading a staff development meeting on regulation for nursing practice at your healthcare organization or agency. Review the NCSBN and ANA websites to prepare for your presentation. The Assignment: (9- to 10-slide PowerPoint presentation) Develop a 9- to 10-slide PowerPoint Presentation that addresses the following: Describe the differences between a board of nursing and a professional nurse association. Describe the geographic distribution, academic credentials, practice positions, and licensure status of members of the board for your specific region/area. Who is on the board? How does one become a member of the board? Describe at least one federal regulation for healthcare. How does this regulation influence delivery, cost, and access to healthcare (e.g., CMS, OSHA, and EPA)? Has there been any change to the regulation within the past 5 years? Explain. Describe at least one state regulation related to general nurse scope of practice. How does this regulation influence the nurse’s role? How does this regulation influence delivery, cost, and access to healthcare? Describe at least one state regulation related to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs). How does this regulation influence the nurse’s role? How does this regulation influence delivery, cost, and access to healthcare? Required Referances Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Chapter 4, “Government Response: Regulation” (pp. 57–84) American Nurses Association. (n.d.). ANA enterprise. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from http://www.nursingworld.org Bosse, J., Simmonds, K., Hanson, C., Pulcini, J., Dunphy, L., Vanhook, P., & Poghosyan, L. (2017). Position statement: Full practice authority for advanced practice registered nurses is necessary to transform primary care. Nursing Outlook, 65(6), 761–765. Halm, M. A. (2018). Evaluating the impact of EBP education: Development of a modified Fresno test for acute care nursing. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 15(4), 272–280. doi:10.1111/wvn.12291 National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.ncsbn.org/index.htm Neff, D. F., Yoon, S. H., Steiner, R. L., Bumbach, M. D., Everhart, D., & Harman J. S. (2018). The impact of nurse practitioner regulations on population access to care. Nursing Outlook, 66(4), 379–385. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2018.03.001 Sample Expert Answer Understanding regulation of nursing profession is important given the nature of the field. There are different organizations which participate in regulating and advancing the nursing practice, knowing each of the organizations and their roles is important. In the US, there are over 100 boards of nursing (BONs) and professional nursing associations. Understanding their roles will help nurses enjoy the full benefits offered by the organizations. The purpose of this presentation is to provide details on how the nursing practice is regulated and the roles of both BONs and professional nursing associations in regulating and advancing the nursing practice. With the vast number of both board of nursing (BONs) and nursing associations, one can get confused about their respective roles in governing nursing practice. Both of these organizations have clear differences in terms of their mandate which are outlined as follows. Board of Nursing BONs are responsible for regulating nursing practice and protecting the public from unqualified or rogue nurses and ensuring that licensed nurses provide safe and competent care. BONs also do not participate in legislation making including lobbying , instead they only implement the formulated legislation as pertains to nursing practice. BONs are government entities formed by the different state governments and one national board having membership picked from the other state BONs (59 state BONs and one national), Professional Nurse Associations Nursing associations are responsible for advocating for nurses interests and advancing the nursing profession (Benton et al., 2017). Nursing association play an active role in representing their members in legislative process, including lobbying political players to support the interests of the nurses and the nursing practice (Milstead & Short, 2019). Nursing associations are private entities with membership requiring annual subscriptions. The Mississippi board of nursing, currently headed by Alton Shaw (FNP), is a thirteen member board comprising of 2 nurse educators, 3 registered nurses in clinical practice, two of which should have as basic nursing preparation an associate degree or diploma and 1 to have at least baccalaureate nursing degree. Another board member is 1 registered nurse at large,1 Registered nursing practitioner, 4 licensed practical nurse, 1 licensed physician who shall always be a member of the State Board of Medical Licensure, 1 representative of consumers of health services The membership should come from each congressional districts in the State of Mississippi. These rules are as outline in the Mississippi Nursing Practice Act amended in 2016. According to the Mississippi Nurse and practice Act, under the establishment of the board guidelines, for one to become a board member in the Mississippi Board of Nursing, other than the member from the State Board of Medical Licensure have to be appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the senate. The list of nominees forwarded to the governor for consideration are usually submitted by the relevant nursing associations in Mississippi with each slot in list containing three names for consideration. If such a list is not submitted to the governor, then he/she can make the appointments without nomination The term for members in the board is four years with the term
Use the Agenda Comparison Grid Template found in the Learning Resources and complete the Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid based on the current/sitting U.S. president and the two previous
Use the Agenda Comparison Grid Template found in the Learning Resources and complete the Part 1: It may seem to you that healthcare has been a national topic of debate among political leaders for as long as you can remember. Healthcare has been a policy item and a topic of debate not only in recent times but as far back as the administration of the second U.S. president, John Adams. In 1798, Adams signed legislation requiring that 20 cents per month of a sailor’s paycheck be set aside for covering their medical bills. This represented the first major piece of U.S. healthcare legislation, and the topic of healthcare has been woven into presidential agendas and political debate ever since. As a healthcare professional, you may be called upon to provide expertise, guidance and/or opinions on healthcare matters as they are debated for inclusion into new policy. You may also be involved in planning new organizational policy and responses to changes in legislation. For all of these reasons you should be prepared to speak to national healthcare issues making the news. In this Assignment you will analyze recent presidential healthcare agendas. You also will prepare a fact sheet to communicate the importance of a healthcare issue and the impact on this issue of recent or proposed policy. To Prepare: Review the agenda priorities of the current/sitting U.S. president and the two previous presidential administrations. Select an issue related to healthcare that was addressed by each of the last three U.S. presidential administrations. Reflect on the focus of their respective agendas, including the allocation of financial resources for addressing the healthcare issue you selected. Consider how you would communicate the importance of a healthcare issue to a legislator/policymaker or a member of their staff for inclusion on an agenda. The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Comparison Grid, 1-Page Analysis, and 1-page Fact Sheet) Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid Use the Agenda Comparison Grid Template found in the Learning Resources and complete the Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid based on the current/sitting U.S. president and the two previous presidential administrations and their agendas related to the public health concern you selected. Be sure to address the following: Identify and provide a brief description of the population health concern you selected and the factors that contribute to it. Describe the administrative agenda focus related to the issue you selected. Identify the allocations of financial and other resources that the current and two previous presidents dedicated to this issue. Explain how each of the presidential administrations approached the issue. Part 2: Agenda Comparison Grid Analysis Using the information you recorded in Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid on the template, complete the Part 2: Agenda Comparison Grid Analysis portion of the template, by addressing the following: Which administrative agency would most likely be responsible for helping you address the healthcare issue you selected? How do you think your selected healthcare issue might get on the agenda for the current and two previous presidents? How does it stay there? Who would you choose to be the entrepreneur/ champion/sponsor of the healthcare issue you selected for the current and two previous presidents? Part 3: Fact Sheet or Talking Points Brief Using the information recorded on the template in Parts 1 and 2, develop a 1-page narrative that you could use to communicate with a policymaker/legislator or a member of their staff for this healthcare issue. Be sure to address the following: Summarize why this healthcare issue is important and should be included in the agenda for legislation. Justify the role of the nurse in agenda setting for healthcare issues. Expert Answer and Explanation Agenda Comparison Grid Assignment Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid Identify the Population Health concern you selected. Opioid Crisis The Population Health concern. According to statistics by the National Institute of Drug Abuse, over 50,000 people died from opioid overdose in 2019. Similarly, the same statistics indicate that close to $80 billion is spent on dealing with issues associated with opioid addiction including, loss of productivity, rehabilitation, involvement with the criminal activities to list a few. Over the years, different presidents established different approaches to tackle opioid issue, with each approach eliciting different reactions. This paper will compare former President Obama and President Trump’s policy stand on the opioid crisis. Administration (President Name) President Barrack Obama President Donald Trump How each of the two presidential administrations approached the issue. During President Obama’s tenure as president, he raised the level of sensitization on how serious the opioid crisis is and the impact on the American community. He made all stakeholders, especially the legislative wing of the government to start recognizing the intensity of the problem. However, it was until the final days of his term that the Congress passed the 21st Century Cures Act, which among other things increased the state funding channeled towards response against the opioid crisis (Barlas, 2017). During President Trump’s tenure, he established opioid crisis as both a security and a health issue. He was quite vocal on recognizing the fact that opioid crisis is a matter of national concern joining gun violence as part of the leading causes death in the US. To help curb the issue, president trump passed into law the Substance Use-Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment for Patients and Communities Act, also known as the SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Act, which among other things helped to increase the federal funding on evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorder. President Trump also declared the opioid crisis as a national crisis in 2018, making him the first president to do so (The White House, n.d.). Allocations of resources After the implementation of the 21st Century Cures Act, over one billion dollars was allocated by the federal government towards collaborative efforts with states and other agencies in dealing with the opioid crisis (Office of the Press Secretary, 2016). President Trump’s administration in 2018 through congress, passed a budget of $13 billion to be spread across two financial periods. This allocation
Clearly diagnosis is a critical aspect of healthcare. However, the ultimate purpose of a diagnosis is the development and application of a series of treatments or protocols
Assignment: Workplace Environment Assessment Clearly diagnosis is a critical aspect of healthcare. However, the ultimate purpose of a diagnosis is the development and application of a series of treatments or protocols. Isolated recognition of a health issue does little to resolve it. In this modules Discussion you applied the Clark Healthy Workplace Inventory to diagnose potential problems with the civility of your organization. In this Portfolio Assignment, you will continue to analyze the results and apply published research to the development of a proposed treatment for any issues uncovered by the assessment. To Prepare: Review the Resources and examine the Clark Healthy Workplace Inventory, found on page 20 of Clark (2015). Review the Work Environment Assessment Template. Reflect on the output of your Discussion post regarding your evaluation of workplace civility and the feedback received from colleagues. Select and review one or more of the following articles found in the Resources: Clark, Olender, Cardoni, and Kenski (2011) Clark (2018) Clark (2015) Griffin and Clark (2014) The Assignment (3-6 pages total): Part 1: Work Environment Assessment (1-2 pages) Review the Work Environment Assessment Template you completed for this Module’s Discussion. Describe the results of the Work Environment Assessment you completed on your workplace. Identify two things that surprised you about the results and one idea you believed prior to conducting the Assessment that was confirmed. Explain what the results of the Assessment suggest about the health and civility of your workplace. Part 2: Reviewing the Literature (1-2 pages) Briefly describe the theory or concept presented in the article(s) you selected. Explain how the theory or concept presented in the article(s) relates to the results of your Work Environment Assessment. Explain how your organization could apply the theory highlighted in your selected article(s) to improve organizational health and/or create stronger work teams. Be specific and provide examples. Part 3: Evidence-Based Strategies to Create High-Performance Interprofessional Teams (1–2 pages) Recommend at least two strategies, supported in the literature, that can be implemented to address any shortcomings revealed in your Work Environment Assessment. Recommend at least two strategies that can be implemented to bolster successful practices revealed in your Work Environment Assessment. Expert Answer and Explanation Work Environment Assessment Summary of Results – Clark Healthy Workplace Inventory From the Clarks healthy workplace inventory, the results indicated that my workplace is very healthy with a score of 81 according to the inventory ratings (Clark, 2015). Some of the key features that ranked highly included appreciation of collective achievement, teamwork and collaboration, fair and respectful treatment of employees to list a few. The attributes that seemed lacking according to the inventory were improvement of organization culture, a comprehensive mentoring program for all employees, and allocation of adequate resources for professional growth and development. The results from the inventory had most of the items reviewed in the 4 scores (somewhat true). Identify two things that surprised you about the results. Also, identify one idea that you believed prior to conducting the Assessment that was confirmed. Before taking the inventory, I was quite sure that my workplace environment was quite healthy but on carrying out the inventory, I found it surprising that some key areas were seemingly lacking which I never considered in my earlier assumption. I also found it surprising that. I was also surprised to find several key areas that could be improved from an organizational standpoint that I would have otherwise overlooked, which are essential in the development of a healthy work environment. what might seemingly seem as a flawless workplace environment may actually have some areas that stain the health of the workplace environment. However, the results confirmed my belief in the health status of my workplace environment which I considered as being favorable. What do the results of the Assessment suggest about the health and civility of your workplace? The results indicate that the environment I work in is quite favorable and civil but with some room for improvement. It also shows that the civility experienced is a result of mutual respect for one another and the organizational policies in place that do not tolerate incivility Briefly describe the theory or concept presented in the article(s) you selected. Explain how the theory or concept presented in the article(s) relates to the results of your Work Environment Assessment. The theory highlighted in an article by Clark (2015) highlights the aspect of encouraging open communication and conversations within the workplace as a way of developing a healthy and civil environment. The article reiterates that many nurses often fail to engage with uncivil colleagues at times when candid conversations are needed. Others often fail to express their concern of incivility especially when expressed by someone with a higher authority, and such cases at times can prove detrimental to patient outcomes. Therefore, the article provides different models that can be used to promote such candid conversations in a civil and respectful manner and one such model is the DESC model. This model focuses on describing the situation, explaining the concerns, stating the available alternative solutions and indicating the consequences. The model facilitates nurse engagement in a professional and civil manner. The theory focuses on the aspect of collaboration and respectful interprofessional engagement. These are some of the features which I considered to be strongly embraced in my workplace. Having a workplace culture that embraces high collaboration between teams requires employees to constantly engage with one another, even amidst their disagreements (Marshall & Broome, 2017). Such a workplace goes in accordance with the article’s view on the importance of healthy and respectful conversations in promoting a civil and safe workplace environment Explain how your organization could apply the theory highlighted in your selected article(s) to improve organizational health and/or create stronger work teams. Be specific and provide examples. The organization can use the DESC model to solve differences in opinions on the best patient interventions that will improve their outcomes or improve the organizational processes. For example, the model can be applied when considering the right therapy
The Quadruple Aim provides broad categories of goals to pursue to maintain and improve healthcare. Within each goal are many issues that
Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue The Quadruple Aim provides broad categories of goals to pursue to maintain and improve healthcare. Within each goal are many issues that, if addressed successfully, may have a positive impact on outcomes. For example, healthcare leaders are being tasked to shift from an emphasis on disease management often provided in an acute care setting to health promotion and disease prevention delivered in primary care settings. Efforts in this area can have significant positive impacts by reducing the need for primary healthcare and by reducing the stress on the healthcare system. Changes in the industry only serve to stress what has always been true; namely, that the healthcare field has always faced significant challenges, and that goals to improve healthcare will always involve multiple stakeholders. This should not seem surprising given the circumstances. Indeed, when a growing population needs care, there are factors involved such as the demands of providing that care and the rising costs associated with healthcare. Generally, it is not surprising that the field of healthcare is an industry facing multifaceted issues that evolve over time. In this module’s Discussion, you reviewed some healthcare issues/stressors and selected one for further review. For this Assignment, you will consider in more detail the healthcare issue/stressor you selected. You will also review research that addresses the issue/stressor and write a white paper to your organization’s leadership that addresses the issue/stressor you selected. To Prepare: Review the national healthcare issues/stressors presented in the Resources and reflect on the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected for study. Reflect on the feedback you received from your colleagues on your Discussion post for the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected. Identify and review two additional scholarly resources (not included in the Resources for this module) that focus on change strategies implemented by healthcare organizations to address your selected national healthcare issue/stressor. The Assignment (2-3 Pages): Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue Develop a 2 to 3 page paper, written to your organization’s leadership team, addressing your selected national healthcare issue/stressor and how it is impacting your work setting. Be sure to address the following: Describe the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected and its impact on your organization. Use organizational data to quantify the impact (if necessary, seek assistance from leadership or appropriate stakeholders in your organization). Provide a brief summary of the two articles you reviewed from outside resources on the national healthcare issue/stressor. Explain how the healthcare issue/stressor is being addressed in other organizations. Summarize the strategies used to address the organizational impact of national healthcare issues/stressors presented in the scholarly resources you selected. Explain how they may impact your organization both positively and negatively. Be specific and provide examples. Looking Ahead The paper you develop in Module 1 will be revisited and revised in Module 2. Review the Assignment instructions for Module 2 to prepare for your revised paper. Expert Answer and Explanation Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue Inadequate nurse staffing has been a persistent challenge in the U.S. healthcare system, frequently highlighted in research and public policy discussions due to its link to burnout, poor patient outcomes, and increased healthcare costs (Gjellebæk et al., 2020). While various initiatives have been implemented, such as safe staffing legislation and recruitment incentives, many efforts remain insufficient or inconsistently applied across institutions. This inconsistency has exacerbated strain in healthcare environments, especially in high-acuity settings. The lack of sustainable, systemic change continues to impact nurse satisfaction and care quality (Carter & Busby, 2023). The purpose of this paper is to describe how inadequate nurse staffing affects healthcare organizations and examine strategies to address this issue. National Healthcare Issue Selected Inadequate nurse staffing remains a significant national healthcare issue that adversely affects patient care and organizational performance. Within our healthcare facility, persistent understaffing has resulted in elevated nurse-to-patient ratios. For example, some medical-surgical units report ratios of one nurse to seven patients during peak hours, which exceeds the American Nurses Association’s recommended standard of one nurse to four patients (Ansah et al., 2021). This imbalance contributes to increased levels of nurse burnout, absenteeism, and a rising turnover rate. In 2023, the registered nurse turnover rate within the organization reached 24 percent. Based on national benchmarks, this corresponds to an estimated financial loss of approximately $4.4 million annually due to recruitment, training, and onboarding costs (Oshodi & Sookhoo, 2023). Moreover, patient satisfaction metrics declined by 12 percent in the most affected units, indicating a direct correlation between staffing deficiencies and diminished quality of care. These outcomes underscore the urgent need for sustainable staffing interventions. Summary of Two Outside Resources The issue of inadequate nurse staffing is explored from two distinct perspectives in recent scholarly literature. Oshodi and Sookhoo (2024) did a systematic review to examine how nursing students see understaffing in clinical settings. Seven studies found that students did not get enough attention when there were too few staff members, their educational results suffered, and patients were at greater risk. Many students said they were often employed as workers instead of staff, which made them tired, reduced their chances to learn, and exposed them to unsafe ways of providing care. The review underlined that changes in staffing and better mentoring are required to help nursing education. A similar study by Ansah Ofei et al. (2021) looked at nurse managers’ staffing methods in hospitals across Ghana. Using this approach, the research found that ineffective staff scheduling is due to quick changes, high staff leaving, and unequal division of work. The problem was made worse by nurses being insufficiently prepared and not getting enough compensation, leading to their discontent and weaker patient care. These studies pointed out that there are major consequences of insufficient staff, such as burnout, less quality care, and education problems. Although Oshodi and Sookhoo urge policymakers to update rules for clinical learning, Ansah Ofei et al. calls for using data-based staffing models, mentorship schemes, and fair salaries. These strategies are part of the organization’s efforts to handle the problems of understaffed
For this task you will write a paper on an existing organization with which you have had personal experience. The organization can be a business or a nonprofit, and you may represent any level of the organization
For this task you will write a paper on an existing organization with which you have had personal experience DCM2 — DCM2 Task 2: Organization and Leadership Evaluation Competencies 3018.1.1 : Practice of Management The graduate explains the theoretical bases, current knowledge, best practices, and trends related to the practice of management. 3018.1.2 : Theories of Leadership The graduate uses contemporary theories of leadership to develop personal leadership skills based on a personal leadership philosophy. 3018.1.3 : Sustaining Business Performance The graduate applies management and leadership theories for long-term global-business success. 3018.1.4 : Organizational Performance Methods The graduate analyzes appropriate methods to improve organizational performance. Introduction For this task you will write a paper on an existing organization with which you have had personal experience. The organization can be a business or a nonprofit, and you may represent any level of the organization (e.g., team, department, division, whole) in your analysis. You will first describe the chosen organization. Your description of the organization should convey personal experience, rather than information gained from secondhand sources or media coverage. You will then perform a SWOT analysis on that organization. Last, you will analyze that organization’s leadership. Note: Any information that would be considered confidential, proprietary, or personal in nature should not be included in the actual task submission to WGU. Do not include the actual names of people, suppliers, the organization(s), or other identifiable information. Fictional names should be used. Also, organization-specific data, including financial information, should not be included but should be addressed in a general fashion as appropriate. Work performed for clients and employers is their property and should not be used without written permission. Requirements Your submission must represent your original work and understanding of the course material. Most performance assessment submissions are automatically scanned through the WGU similarity checker. Students are strongly encouraged to wait for the similarity report to generate after uploading their work and then review it to ensure Academic Authenticity guidelines are met before submitting the file for evaluation. See Understanding Similarity Reports for more information. Grammarly Note: Professional Communication will be automatically assessed through Grammarly for Education in most performance assessments before a student submits work for evaluation. Students are strongly encouraged to review the Grammarly for Education feedback prior to submitting work for evaluation, as the overall submission will not pass without this aspect passing. See Use Grammarly for Education Effectively for more information. Microsoft Files Note: Write your paper in Microsoft Word (.doc or .docx) unless another Microsoft product, or pdf, is specified in the task directions. Tasks may not be submitted as cloud links, such as links to Google Docs, Google Slides, OneDrive, etc. All supporting documentation, such as screenshots and proof of experience, should be collected in a pdf file and submitted separately from the main file. For more information, please see Computer System and Technology Requirements. You must use the rubric to direct the creation of your submission because it provides detailed criteria that will be used to evaluate your work. Each requirement below may be evaluated by more than one rubric aspect. The rubric aspect titles may contain hyperlinks to relevant portions of the course. Write a paper (suggested length of 10–16 pages) by doing the following: A. Describe an existing organization with which you have had personal experience and its objective(s). 1. Describe three leadership practices of the current leader, other than yourself, in the existing organization. Note: Leadership practices are routine actions, behaviors, functions, and responsibilities that the current leader performs. 2. Discuss how the current leader has affected organizational culture. Note: You may represent any level of the chosen organization (e.g., team, department, division, whole) and the respective current leader in your description. B. Conduct a SWOT analysis evaluating the chosen organization by doing the following: 1. Evaluate two of the organization’s current strengths. 2. Evaluate two of the organization’s current weaknesses. 3. Evaluate two of the organization’s current unmet opportunities. 4. Evaluate two of the organization’s current unresolved threats. Note: The accepted model for a SWOT analysis defines strengths and weaknesses as internal to the organization, and opportunities and threats as external to the organization. C. Conduct a leadership evaluation of the current leader discussed in part A1, using one of the scholarly leadership theories below that is different from task 1, by doing the following: transformational leadership transactional leadership situational leadership participative leadership servant leadership behavioral leadership trait theory of leadership 1. Evaluate three strengths of the current leader, using the chosen scholarly leadership theory, including how each strength relates to the theory. Support the evaluation of the leader’s strengths with at least one scholarly source. 2. Evaluate three weaknesses of the current leader, using the chosen scholarly leadership theory, including how each weakness relates to the theory. Support the evaluation of the leader’s weaknesses with at least one scholarly source. 3. Recommend three actionable items to improve the effectiveness of the current leader, including how each actionable item relates to the chosen scholarly leadership theory. Support the recommendations of actionable items with at least one scholarly source. Note: The recommendations need to address the current leaders identified leadership weakness. Note: A scholarly source could be a reputable journal, a published book, or any source from a university faculty member or business leader. Scholarly sources also include any article or book in the online WGU library. D. Acknowledge sources, using in-text citations and references, for content that is quoted, paraphrased, or summarized. E. Demonstrate professional communication in the content and presentation of your submission. File Restrictions File name may contain only letters, numbers, spaces, and these symbols: ! – _ . * ‘ ( ) File size limit: 200 MB File types allowed: doc, docx, rtf, xls, xlsx, ppt, pptx, odt, pdf, csv, txt, qt, mov, mpg, avi, mp3, wav, mp4, wma, flv, asf, mpeg, wmv, m4v, svg, tif, tiff, jpeg, jpg, gif, png, zip, rar, tar, 7z Expert Answer and Explanation DCM2: Organization and Leadership Evaluation Through the provision of skilled and compassionate care in the comfort of their own homes, Harmony Home Health & Hospice seeks to restore equilibrium and dignity to the lives of its patients. I have direct knowledge of the company’s service-oriented culture because to my personal interaction with it. Harmony Home Health & Hospice is thoroughly examined in this essay, which starts with an explanation of its goals, values, and organizational structure (Harmony Home Health & Hospice, 2025). After that, it provides a SWOT analysis to determine the opportunities, threats, and internal and external strengths and weaknesses. The study concludes with
Explain the value of biostatistics in population health research
Explain the value of biostatistics in population health research. Describe the role of epidemiology in researching and addressing population health challenges. How are epidemiology and biostatistics significant to your evidence-based practice proposal? Expert Answer The Value of Biostatistics When it comes to population health research, biostatistics is valuable in the sense that it supports decision-making by quantifying uncertainty, which makes it possible for those involved in research and policy formulation to make decisions guided by evidence. When conducting research, researchers rely on biostatistics to establish correlation and causal relationships between variables. Through statistical methods, for instance, a researcher can determine how hours of exercise correlate with the risk of cardiovascular disorder (Matranga, Bono, & Maniscalco, 2021). The value of the biostatistics is also noticeable during the analysis and processing of data, where researchers utilize the statistical tools to process data, and internalize this data so that they can generate meaningful inferences such as the impact of a particular exposure on population health outcomes. Role of Epidemiology in Researching and Addressing Population Health Challenges Population health significantly benefits from research, which is supported by epidemiology. Epidemiology, which involves studying the prevalence and the various factors that affect population health, helps identify health issues including the variation in the rates of distribution of these health issues across populations. The information generated from the epidemiological study informs research decisions (DiSalvo & Su, 2022). Through the study of the population health problems, epidemiologists identify the origin of diseases, which helps researchers to identify the individuals at increased risk of illness. Significance of Epidemiology and Biostatistics to the Evidence-Based Proposal Epidemiology and biostatistics are significant to the Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) proposal, with biostatistics supporting analysis of the quantitative data, which allows researchers to establish the statistical significance and validity of the findings. Epidemiology supports EBP proposal by informing the process of identifying a specific public health concern. This concern informs the preparation of the proposal. References DiSalvo, P., & Su, M. K. (2022). Biostatistics and Epidemiology for the Toxicologist: Incidence and Prevalence. Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology, 18(1), 56–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-021-00860-5. Matranga, D., Bono, F., & Maniscalco, L. (2021). Statistical Advances in Epidemiology and Public Health. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(7), 3549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073549. Consider ecological and global issues, social determinants of health, principles of genetics, and genomics. Explain how translational research can be applied in these areas to address the burden of global disease. Expert Answer Ecological and Global Issues When it comes to addressing the burden of disease, translational research is crucial especially when applied in ecological and global health. Translational research, for instance, supports the development of the interventions focused on addressing population exposures. For instance, scientific research that link specific pollutants to a heart ailment can lead to the adoption of the policy-based initiatives to help regulate pollution. In addition, translational research can lead to the development of the predictive models that warn ecologists how the change in environment may cause the spread of vector-borne diseases (Shah et al., 2022). For example, the results generated from research are practically applied in creating predictive tools that predict the likelihood of the cases of a disease spiking. Social Determinants of Health Translational research can be applied in addressing the negative effects of the social determinants of health by informing the effective strategy for implementing evidence-based practice interventions. If EBP findings show that the use of a particular intervention is effective in improving population health outcomes in underserved communities, translational research can help ensure successful implementation of these interventions (Mayrink et al., 2022). Principles of Genetics Translational research can be applied in genetics and genomics by personalizing medicine. For example, researchers in the field of genetics may create tailored intervention plans for certain hereditary disorders on the genetic markers. This information may inform how providers treat certain disorders in specific patient populations. Genomics Translational research can help optimize global health outcomes by supporting an approach in human, animal and environmental aspects of health are considered in addressing certain health conditions. This approach comes to play when addressing global health concerns like Ebola epidemic. Through translational research, the global health systems may create targeted interventions to mitigate public health issues. Reference Mayrink, N. N. V., Alcoforado, L., Chioro, A., Fernandes, F., Lima, T. S., Camargo, E. B., & Valentim, R. A. M. (2022). Translational Research in Health Technologies: A Scoping Review. Frontiers in Digital Health, 4, 957367. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2022.957367. Shah, R. C., Hoyo, V., Moussatche, P., & Volkov, B. B. (2022). Improving Quality and Efficiency of Translational Research: Environmental Scan of Adaptive Capacity and Preparedness of Clinical and Translational Science Award Program hubs. Journal of clinical and translational science, 7(1), e42. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2022.423. Place your order now for a similar assignment and get fast, cheap and best quality work written by our expert level assignment writers.Use Coupon Code: NEW30 to Get 30% OFF Your First Order The Value of Biostatistics in Population Health Research In the rapidly evolving landscape of public health, two fundamental disciplines stand as pillars of scientific inquiry: biostatistics and epidemiology. These interconnected fields form the backbone of population health research, providing the analytical framework and methodological rigor necessary to understand, prevent, and address health challenges at scale. As healthcare increasingly shifts toward evidence-based practice, understanding the value and application of these disciplines becomes crucial for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers alike. Understanding Biostatistics: The Mathematical Foundation of Health Research Biostatistics represents the application of statistical methods to biological and health-related problems. This specialized branch of statistics serves as the quantitative engine that powers population health research, transforming raw health data into meaningful insights that can inform policy decisions and clinical interventions. The primary value of biostatistics in population health research lies in its ability to provide rigorous methods for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting complex health data. Through sophisticated statistical techniques, biostatistics enables researchers to identify patterns, test hypotheses, and draw valid conclusions from large datasets that would otherwise remain incomprehensible. In practical terms, biostatistics allows researchers to quantify disease prevalence
Post an episodic focused note about the patient in the case study to which you were assigned using the episodic/focused note
Post an episodic focused note about the patient in the case study to which you were assigned using the Assessing Musculoskeletal Pain Case 3: Knee Pain A 15-year-old male reports dull pain in both knees. Sometimes one or both knees click, and the patient describes a catching sensation under the patella. In determining the causes of the knee pain, what additional history do you need? What categories can you use to differentiate knee pain? What are your specific differential diagnoses for knee pain? What physical examination will you perform? What anatomic structures are you assessing as part of the physical examination? What special maneuvers will you perform? With regard to the case study you were assigned: Review this week’s Learning Resources, and consider the insights they provide about the case study. Consider what history would be necessary to collect from the patient in the case study you were assigned. Consider what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate to gather more information about the patient’s condition. How would the results be used to make a diagnosis? Identify at least five possible conditions that may be considered in a differential diagnosis for the patient. Post an episodic focused note about the patient in the case study to which you were assigned using the episodic/focused note template provided in the Week 5 resources. Provide evidence from the literature to support diagnostic tests that would be appropriate for each case. List five different possible conditions for the patient’s differential diagnosis and justify why you selected each. Expert Answer and Explanation Knee Pain Episodic/Focused SOAP Note Patient Information: JD is a 15-year-old African American Male. S. CC “Dull pain in both knees for four days.” HPI: JD is a 15-year-old African American Male who came to the hospital with complaints of dull pain in his both knees for the three days. He reports that he sometimes feels catching sensation under the patella and both knees often click. The pain started after playing basketball tournament three days ago. He has not applied any medication. The severity of the pain I 8/10. Current Medications: No medications Allergies: No allergies. PMHx: No history of major medical conditions. Pneumonia and influenza vaccines are up to date. Soc Hx: Denies tobacco or alcohol use. He is the only child in a middle-class family. He loves playing basketball. Fam Hx: He is the only child in a family of three. Both parents are alive and healthy. Grandfather died of depression. He committed suicide. Grandmother is alive as has type II diabetes. ROS: GENERAL: No fatigue, weight loss, or fever. HEENT: Eyes: No vision problems. Ears, Nose, Throat: No hearing problem, sneezing, runny nose, congestion, or sore throat. SKIN: No rash or itching. CARDIOVASCULAR: No heart problems. RESPIRATORY: No breathing problems. MUSCULOSKELETAL: Knee pain. HEMATOLOGIC: No anemia or bleeding. O. Physical exam: Constitutional: General Appearance: Healthy adult with moderate distress. A+O+3, mucous membranes moist, flushed, answers questions properly. Vitals: BP 122/90; P 57; R 20; T 36.3; W 58kgs; H 157cm. HEENT: Head: NC/AT. Eyes: Pupils are PERRL, extraocular movements intact; conjunctivae pink. Ears: Hearing intact, normal external appearance. Nose: Appears normal, clear mucus. Mouth: The are in good shape. Throat: No lesions or inflammation of the tonsils. Skin: Normal color for ethnicity, dry, warm, with no rashes or lesions. Cardiovascular: S1, S2 with regular rhythm and rate. No heart sounds. Lungs: Chest walls symmetric. Lungs clear and bilateral. Regular respirations. Knee: MRI shows ACL tear in both knees. Diagnostic results: Diagnosis for knee musculoskeletal can be done using MRI or X-ray (Ball et al., 2019). The authors note that X-ray cannot see the ligaments, and in this case, MRI is recommended. X-ray: Pending MRI: Pending A. Differential Diagnoses Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury. The primary diagnosis for this ACL injury. ACL injury is a sprain or tear ACL, one of the major ligaments in the knee (Korakakis et al., 2019). The injury occurs mostly in sportspersons. The disease causes pain in the knee. It has been included as the primary diagnosis because the patient is a sportsperson and recently got injured during a game. Knee locking: Characteristics of knee locking include catching sensation, swelling of the affected knee, and pain with extension (Lee, Nixion, Chandratreya & Murray, 2017). The disease is not a primary diagnosis because the patient is no swelling in the knee. Osteochondritis Dissecans: OCD is a joint condition that occurs when blood is not enough in the end of the bone. It also causes pain in the knee, and that is why it has been included in the diagnosis. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: JIA is the swelling of the joints. The disease occurs before a kid reaches 16 years (Ramanan et al., 2017). It causes joint pain, and that is why it has been included in the diagnosis. Repeated kneecap dislocation: Repeated patellar subluxation is the continued instability of the patellar, which causes knee pain. References Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Seidel\’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby. Korakakis, V., Saretsky, M., Whiteley, R., Azzopardi, M. C., Klauznicer, J., Itani, A., … & Malliaropoulos, N. (2019). Translation into modern standard Arabic, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties’ evaluation of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) in Arabic-speaking athletes with Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury. PloS one, 14(6), e0217791. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217791 Lee, P. Y. F., Nixion, A., Chandratreya, A., & Murray, J. M. (2017). Synovial plica syndrome of the knee: a commonly overlooked cause of anterior knee pain. The Surgery Journal, 3(1), e9. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1598047 Ramanan, A. V., Dick, A. D., Jones, A. P., McKay, A., Williamson, P. R., Compeyrot-Lacassagne, S., … & Beresford, M. W. (2017). Adalimumab plus methotrexate for uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(17), 1637-1646. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1614160 Place your order now for a similar assignment and get fast, cheap and best quality work written by our expert level assignment writers.Use Coupon Code: NEW30 to Get 30% OFF Your First Order FAQs Osgood-schlatter
Describe the difference between a nursing practice problem and a medical practice problem
Describe the difference between a nursing practice problem and a medical practice problem. Provide one example of each. PICOT is utilized by the health care community to identify and study a nursing or medical practice problem. Consequently, PICOT examples that may provide insight into the use of the PICOT process, may not be relevant to nursing practice as they are based on a medical practice problem. Describe the difference between a nursing practice problem and a medical practice problem. Provide one example of each. Discuss why is it important to ensure your PICOT is based on a nursing practice problem. EXPERT ANSWER AND EXPLANATION Nursing vs. Medical Practice Problem Nursing practice problem assesses Whereas a nursing practice problem is identified during the nursing assessments conducted on a patient’s condition, medical practice problem is one which focuses on the pathology of the patient. Specifically, a nursing practice problem assesses the human response to the health conditions (Milner & Cosme, 2017). For example, when a patient presents to the facility with headaches, fever, and other physical symptoms, a triage nurse could identify the condition as a nursing practice problem, where they offer the patient the relevant nursing diagnosis. On the other hand, when a patient is seen to have a condition which requires his pathology to be assessed and the healthcare giver recognizes that it could be stroke, then this is a medical practice problem. Why PICOT should be based on Nursing Practice Problem A PICOT seeks to address various elements of nursing care, and hence it should be primarily based on a nursing practice problem and not on a medical practice problem. In the nursing practice problem, the care needs of the patient from the time they get out of the healthcare environment to the time they are diagnosed by the doctor to the after-care periods are addressed (Meyer, 2017). Also, in the nursing practice problem, there is collection of information about the patient, and this helps to draw relevant conclusions based on the PICOT questions. This way, it is easy to collect diverse data about the patient and their condition. Also, with the nursing practice problem, it is more likely that the PICOT will improve population health. References Meyer, M. N. (2017). Evidence-Based Practice: Success of Practice Change Depends on the Question. Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing: Foundations, Skills, and Roles. Milner, K. A., & Cosme, S. (2017). The PICO Game: An Innovative Strategy for Teaching Step 1 in Evidence‐Based Practice. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 14(6), 514-516. Alternative Expert Answer How Nursing and Medical Practice Problems differ Medical and Nursing Practice Problem There is a difference between a nursing and a medical practice problem. The former is a clinical issue that a provider identifies and notes when assessing the patient, and it constitutes one physiological health, and the emotional and psychological responses linked to the patient’s physical health. An example is a patient with hypertension and diabetes developing stress because of their health. In this case, a nurse would want to know all these details about the patient including the manner in which they respond to the disease. One can also look at this particular problem as one which can be addressed through patient education, counseling and health promotion (Cook et al., 2018). Conversely, the latter is about the medical condition or the pathology of a medical disorder in which the provider determines the patient’s disorder. If a provider measures the body’s insulin and manages to determine that body’s insulin level is low, they can conclude that the condition is type 1 diabetes (Yoo et al., 2019). Basing PICOT on the Nursing Practice Problem When preparing a PICOT, it is important to base it on the nursing practice problem (NPP). This is because the NPP addresses majority of the elements of the nursing care. Some of these elements include the diagnosis information, patient care goals, screening of the risks, and the outcomes. The PICOT also addresses all these elements considering that it focuses on the patient, their health, the intervention that can help promote recovery compared to another treatment, and results of the treatment. It equally focuses on the clinical outcomes (Ho et al., 2016). Given that the PICOT addresses all the elements of the nursing problem, it make sense to base PICOT on the NPP. References Cook, D.A., Pencille, L.J., Dupras, D.M., Linderbaum, J.A., Pankratz, V.S., & Wilkinson, J.M. (2018). Practice variation and practice guidelines: Attitudes of generalist and specialist physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. PLoS ONE 13(1), e0191943. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191943. Ho, G.J., Liew, S.M., Ng, C.J., Hisham Shunmugam, R., & Glasziou P (2016). Development of a Search Strategy for an Evidence Based Retrieval Service. PLoS ONE 11(12), e0167170. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167170. Yoo, J.Y., Kim, J.H., Kim, J.S., Kim, H.L., Ki, J.S. (2019). Clinical nurses’ beliefs, knowledge, organizational readiness and level of implementation of evidence-based practice: The first step to creating an evidence-based practice culture. PLoS ONE 14(12): e0226742. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226742. Place your order now on the similar assignment and get fast, cheap and best quality work written by our expert level assignment writers. What is the difference between a nursing problem and a medical problem? In the world of healthcare, it’s crucial to understand the fundamental differences between nursing problems and medical problems. While both are essential aspects of patient care, they serve distinct purposes and require different approaches. This article will delve into the nuances that set nursing practice problems apart from medical practice problems, providing clarity on this critical subject. Nursing Practice Problem vs. Medical Practice Problem Defining Nursing Practice Problems Nursing practice problems, often referred to as nursing diagnoses, are specific issues that nurses identify and address within their scope of practice. These problems are focused on the patient’s response to an illness, a medical condition, or a life situation. Nursing practice problems aim to enhance the quality of care, improve patient outcomes, and promote patient safety. Defining Medical Practice ProblemsMedical practice problems, on the other hand, are concerns that fall within the domain of medical practitioners, such
There is often the requirement to evaluate descriptive statistics
There is often the requirement to evaluate descriptive statistics for data within the There is often the requirement to evaluate descriptive statistics for data within the organization or for health care information. Every year the National Cancer Institute collects and publishes data based on patient demographics. Understanding differences between the groups based upon the collected data often informs health care professionals towards research, treatment options, or patient education. Using the data on the “National Cancer Institute Data” Excel spreadsheet, calculate the descriptive statistics indicated below for each of the Race/Ethnicity groups. Refer to your textbook and the Topic Materials, as needed, for assistance in with creating Excel formulas. Provide the following descriptive statistics: Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode Measures of Variation: Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range (a formula is not needed for Range). Once the data is calculated, provide a 150-250 word analysis of the descriptive statistics on the spreadsheet. This should include differences and health outcomes between groups. APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Expert Answer and Explanation Alternative Expert Answer and Explanation Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode This paper will elaborate on the descriptive statistical analysis for lung and bronchus cancer for the different racial groups as contained in the National Cancer Institute (2018). The data compiled was from the years 2000 to 2015. Mean Mean, also known as average, is the total summation of the values given divided by the number of items in a data set (Grove & Gray, 2018). The following is a mean for the different racial groups: Mean = Σ/n. where Σ is the total sum of the rate per 100,000, and n is the number of years (16 years). American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic) Mean = 692.4/16 = 43.275 Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic) Mean = 616.2/16 = 38.5125 Black (includes Hispanic) Mean = 1121.1/16 = 70.06875 Hispanic (any race) Mean = 503.9/16= 31.49375 White (includes Hispanic) Mean = 1003.6/16=62.725 Median Median is defined as the middle number in a data set (Grove & Gray, 2018). Given that the data set used by this paper contains an even number of items, one can get the median by calculating the average of the two middle numbers. The median for the following racial groups is calculated as follows American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic) Median = (43.1+44.6)/2 = 43.85 Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic) Median = (38.8+39)/2 = 38.9 Black (includes Hispanic) Median = (71.2+71.6)/2 =71.4 Hispanic (any race) Median = (32+32.2)/2 =32.1 White (includes Hispanic) Median = (63.9+65.2)/2 = 64.55 Mode Mode is defined as the most repeated number in a data set. In case a modal value can’t be established, one is supposed to group the data values, and using the following formula; the modal value for the group can be identified. Mode = L + (fm − fm-1) / ((fm − fm-1) + (fm − fm+1)) × W where: L is the lower-class boundary of the modal group fmis the frequency of the modal group fm-1is the frequency of the group before the modal group fm+1is the frequency of the group after the modal group w is the group width American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic) Data Groups 31-40 frequency = 6, 41-50 frequency = 9, 51-60 frequency = 1 The modal estimation for this population group is Mode = 41+ (9 − 6) / ((9 − 6) + (9 − 1)) × 10 = 41 +3/11 x 10 = 43.73 Ans = 43.73 Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic) The mode for this population group is 36,6 Black (includes Hispanic) Data Groups 55-60 frequency = 2, 61-65 frequency =3, 66-70 frequency =2, 71-75 frequency =6, 76–80 frequency = 3 The modal estimation for this population group is Mode = 71+ (6 − 2) / ((6 − 2) + (6 − 3)) × 5 = 71 +4/7 x 10 = 76.71 Ans = 76.71 Hispanic (any race) The mode for this population group is 34.1 White (includes Hispanic) The mode for this population group is 65.8 Measures of Variation: Variance Variance is the measurement of how numbers are distributed in a given data set. The following is a formula used to calculate variance; Σ (Xi – μ) 2 / n. Where: Σ is summation of the items n is the total number of items in the data set. Xi is the individual figures in the data set, μ is the mean for that data set, The following is the variance for the given racial groups American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic) μ = 43.275 Xi (μ – Xi)2 32 127.125625 36.6 44.555625 38.7 20.930625 39.6 13.505625 39.9 11.390625 40.1 10.080625 42.4 0.765625 43.1 0.030625 44.6 1.755625 45 2.975625 45.7 5.880625 46.4 9.765625 47.9 21.390625 48.7 29.430625 50 45.225625 51.7 70.980625 Σ =415.79 Variance = 415.79/16 = 25.986875 Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic) μ = 38.5125 Xi (μ – Xi)2 34 20.36265625 34.4 16.91265625 36.6 3.65765625 36.6 3.65765625 36.7 3.28515625 37 2.28765625 38.5 0.00015625 38.8 0.08265625 39 0.23765625 39.8 1.65765625 40.2 2.84765625 40.4 3.56265625 40.5 3.95015625 40.9 5.70015625 41 6.18765625 41.8 10.80765625 Σ =85.1975 Variance = 85.1975/16 = 5.32484375 Black (includes Hispanic) μ = 38.5125 Xi (μ – Xi)2 57.4 160.4972266 60.5 91.56097656 61.3 76.89097656 64.1 35.62597656 64.3 33.27847656 67.8 5.147226562 70.8 0.534726563 71.2 1.279726563 71.6 2.344726563 73.4 11.09722656 73.7 13.18597656 75.1 25.31347656 75.8 32.84722656 77.3 52.29097656 77.8 59.77222656 79 79.76722656 Σ = 681.4344 Variance = 681.4344/16 = 42.58965 Hispanic (any race) μ = 31.49375 Xi (μ – Xi)2 26 30.18128906 26.8 22.03128906 28.2 10.84878906 28.8 7.256289062 29.4 4.383789063 30.3 1.425039062 31.8 0.093789063 32 0.256289063 32.2 0.498789063 32.7 1.455039063 33.8 5.318789062 34.1 6.792539063 34.1 6.792539063 34.2 7.323789063 34.5 9.037539063 35 12.29378906 Σ =125.989375 Variance = 125.989375/16 = 7.8743359375 White (includes Hispanic) μ = 38.5125 Xi (μ – Xi)2 53.2 90.725625 55.4
An understanding of the neurological and musculoskeletal systems
An understanding of the neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critically important component of disease Module 5 Assignment: Case Study Analysis An understanding of the neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critically important component of disease and disorder diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the impact that that these two systems can have on each other. A variety of factors and circumstances affecting the emergence and severity of issues in one system can also have a role in the performance of the other. Effective analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their mutual impact. For example, patient characteristics such as, racial and ethnic variables can play a role. In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health. To prepare: By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor. Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis) A 58-year-old obese white male presents to ED with chief complaint of fever, chills, pain, and swelling in the right great toe. He states the symptoms came on very suddenly and he cannot put any weight on his foot. Physical exam reveals exquisite pain on any attempt to assess the right first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. Past medical history positive for hypertension and Type II diabetes mellitus. Current medications include hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg po q am, and metformin 500 mg po bid. CBC normal except for elevated sedimentation rate (ESR) of 33 mm/hr and C-reactive protein (CRP) 24 mg/L. Metabolic panel normal. Uric acid level 6.7 mg/dl In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following: Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms. Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning. How these processes interact to affect the patient. Expert Answer: Alteration of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Systems Advanced practice registered nurses should be knowledgeable about the alterations in body systems. This information can help the nurses conduct a proper diagnosis and plan effective treatments. Understanding the processes of body systems that result in patient symptoms can also guide the APRNs during patient education and disease prevention. The purpose of this assignment is to examine the case study and identify the factors for diagnosis and implications for the health of the patient. Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms The nerves that connect the muscles of the toes are known as interdigital nerves. These nerves are pass between the bones of the toes to connect the toe muscles, tendons, and joints. The interdigital nerves’ longstanding irritation causes the swelling and pain on the patient’s right great toe (Raney, Thankam, Dilisio, & Agrawal, 2017). The swelling was caused by misalliance between the ability of the patient to withhold load and external load. This difference resulted from the patient’s ability to hold the load and physical exertion and posture. Pain is a sign that a certain tissue in one’s body is damaged. Raney et al. (2017) note that the body often communicates that a specific organ or tissue is damaged by sending a pain sensation to the brain to alert the patient. In the case, the patient experienced pain in his left toe because the interdigital nerves sensed high mechanical pressure on the injured and swollen toe joints and muscles. He cannot put weight on the foot because the nerves have communicated to the spinal cord, which has sent a signal to motor reflex, ordering it not to exert any pressure on the swollen toe. Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning The physiological functioning of the human body can be affected by various racial or ethical factors. The first factor is obesity. According to Spurr, Bally, Bullin, Allan, and McNair (2020), obesity is mostly recorded among blacks and Latinos compared to whites and Asians. The authors note that 49.6% of blacks are obese, followed by Hispanics (44.8%), whites (42.2%), and Asians (17.4%). Obesity affects cell repair and cell generation. The second variable is physical exercise. According to Ige-Elegbede, Pilkington, Gray, and Powell (2019), physical exercise activity is 6% lower among whites, 26% among African Americans, and 10% lower among Hispanics. El Khoudary et al. (2019) also performed research to understand the lean mass and muscle strength among blacks and whites. The researchers found that black males have a higher lean mass compared to white men. However, physical activity was higher among whites. How these Processes Interact to Affect the Patient Obesity highly affects physiological functioning, especially cell repair and generation (Toubal et al., 2020). However, the patient is a white male, meaning that the chances of being obese are minimal. Hence, the cells in his swollen toe are expected to generate, repair, and heal faster. Physical exercise also affects physiological functioning by increasing the effectiveness of medications and other metabolic processes (Ige-Elegbede et al., 2019). Being white, the patient is likely to work out often. Hence, he will show a positive response to hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg po q am and metformin 500 mg po bid. Lastly, the patient has a lower lean mass, increasing his chances of developing a toe condition. Conclusion The assignment has analyzed a case about a patient experiencing swollen and painful toe. The feeling is likely to result from communication between interdigital nerves, the brain, spinal cord, and toe muscles. The nerves communicated pain to alert the patient that the toe tissues are damaged. References El Khoudary, S. R., Greendale, G., Crawford, S. L., Avis, N. E., Brooks, M. M., Thurston, R. C., … & Matthews, K. (2019). The menopause transition and women’s health at midlife: a progress report from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Menopause (New York, NY), 26(10),