Discuss the four spheres of political action in nursing. In addition, please develop a brief argument sharing how these spheres are interconnected and overlapping by applying an example from your practice
Discuss the four spheres of political action in nursing. In addition, please develop a brief Discuss the four spheres of political action in nursing. In addition, please develop a brief argument sharing how these spheres are interconnected and overlapping by applying an example from your practice. What are some ethical considerations here? Expert Answer and Explanation Four Spheres of Political Action in Nursing The very act of being a nurse makes one politically involved even though most nurses view themselves as politically powerless. (Cameron, Ceci, & Salas 2011). The four spheres of political action are areas where nurses have an opportunity for political involvement. Even though each sphere has its own independent function, they all work together to create change. The four spheres of political action in nursing include the workplace, government, professional organizations and the community. (Mason, Leavitt, & Chaffee, 2013). Workplace It addresses affecting jobs and patient care. Nurses should advocate for the issues that require a change in the workplace and also those that affect patient care. They should be politically informed to ensure that policies that regard their workplace are adequately addressed. (Cameron, Ceci, & Salas 2011). Government It addresses rules, laws and regulations governing nursing practice. (Mason, Leavitt, & Chaffee, 2013). The government is the main influencer in the health care-related changes due to their role in political action. We as nurses ought to work closely with the government to create change. Professional Organizations They address issues that shape nursing practice. They influence policy changes in health care as contributors and also implementers. They also lobby for the political backing of the health care policies they deem beneficial to them and the community they serve. Community It addresses issues that affect community health. Since they have a good understanding of the specific health needs of the population, they should work closely with nurses to address them. For a political action in nursing to be realized, it requires input from all spheres hence they are interconnected. In an area I was attached to, there were many incidents of domestic violence with a large number of patients being victims. Through nursing political action, we formulated policies to protect victims and stop the violence. Professional organizations were able to influence change and involve the government in implementing the changes. The hospitals served as the center for members of the community to be sensitized about the issue and also for treatment of victims. Through collaborative action from all the spheres we were able to reduce the number of cases of domestic violence reported. Reference Mason, D. J., Leavitt, J. K., & Chaffee, M. W. (2013). Policy and politics in nursing and healthcare. Philadelphia: Saunders. Place your order now on a similar assignment and get fast, cheap and best quality work written by our expert level assignment writers. FAQs Importance of politics in nursing Politics plays a significant role in nursing, influencing various aspects of the profession and the healthcare system. Here are several ways in which politics is important in nursing: Healthcare Policy Advocacy: Nurses can play a crucial role in advocating for policies that promote public health, patient safety, and the well-being of communities. Involvement in political processes allows nurses to influence healthcare policies at local, state, and national levels. Patient Advocacy: Political engagement empowers nurses to advocate for the rights and interests of their patients. This may involve addressing issues such as access to healthcare, health equity, and the delivery of high-quality and patient-centered care. Regulatory Environment: Nurses work within a regulatory framework that is often shaped by political decisions. Understanding and participating in the political process can help nurses contribute to the development of regulations that ensure professional standards, ethical practice, and patient safety. Resource Allocation: Political decisions impact the allocation of resources within the healthcare system. Nurses, as frontline healthcare providers, can advocate for fair distribution of resources, adequate staffing levels, and appropriate funding for nursing education and training. Workplace Conditions: Political decisions influence workplace conditions for nurses, including issues such as staffing ratios, working hours, and workplace safety. Active involvement in political processes allows nurses to address these issues and contribute to creating optimal working environments. Educational Policy: Policies related to nursing education and professional development are shaped by political decisions. Nurses can engage in advocacy to influence policies that support continuous education, training, and career advancement opportunities. Public Health Initiatives: Nurses can contribute to the development and implementation of public health initiatives through political engagement. This includes involvement in vaccination campaigns, disease prevention programs, and community health promotion efforts. Ethical Decision-Making: Political decisions can sometimes raise ethical concerns in healthcare. Nurses may need to navigate ethical dilemmas related to resource allocation, access to care, and the rights of vulnerable populations. Political awareness is crucial in addressing these ethical challenges. Global Health Advocacy: Nurses can participate in global health advocacy by engaging in political discussions related to international healthcare issues, such as infectious disease control, humanitarian assistance, and global health equity. Professional Autonomy: Political engagement helps nurses advocate for their professional autonomy and the recognition of nursing as an essential and autonomous healthcare profession. How can nurses get involved in politics Nurses can get involved in politics in various ways to advocate for their profession, influence healthcare policies, and contribute to positive changes in the healthcare system. Here are several ways nurses can engage in politics: Educate Yourself: Stay informed about current healthcare policies, legislative issues, and political developments at the local, state, and national levels. Understand how these issues impact nursing practice, patient care, and the healthcare system. Join Professional Organizations: Join nursing organizations and associations that actively engage in political advocacy. These organizations often provide resources, updates on policy issues, and opportunities for nurses to participate in advocacy efforts. Attend Legislative Sessions: Attend local or state legislative sessions to observe the political process and gain firsthand knowledge of how healthcare policies are discussed and developed. Some nursing organizations may organize visits to legislative sessions for their members. Network with Policymakers: Build
Describe the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected and its impact on your organization
Describe the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected and its impact on your organization. Use organizational data to quantify the impact The Quadruple Aim provides broad categories of goals to pursue to maintain and improve healthcare. Within each goal are many issues that, if addressed successfully, may have a positive impact on outcomes. For example, healthcare leaders are being tasked to shift from an emphasis on disease management often provided in an acute care setting to health promotion and disease prevention delivered in primary care settings. Efforts in this area can have significant positive impacts by reducing the need for primary healthcare and by reducing the stress on the healthcare system. Changes in the industry only serve to stress what has always been true; namely, that the healthcare field has always faced significant challenges, and that goals to improve healthcare will always involve multiple stakeholders. This should not seem surprising given the circumstances. Indeed, when a growing population needs care, there are factors involved such as the demands of providing that care and the rising costs associated with healthcare. Generally, it is not surprising that the field of healthcare is an industry facing multifaceted issues that evolve over time. you reviewed some healthcare issues/stressors and selected one for further review. For this Assignment, you will consider in more detail the healthcare issue/stressor you selected. You will also review research that addresses the issue/stressor and write a white paper to your organization’s leadership that addresses the issue/stressor you selected. To Prepare: Review the national healthcare issues/stressors presented in the Resources and reflect on the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected for the study. Reflect on the feedback you received from your colleagues on your Discussion post for the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected. Identify and review two additional scholarly resources (not included in the Resources for this module) that focus on change strategies implemented by healthcare organizations to address your selected national healthcare issue/stressor. The Assignment (3-4 Pages): Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue Develop a 3- to 4-page paper, written to your organization’s leadership team, addressing your selected national healthcare issue/stressor and how it is impacting your work setting. Be sure to address the following: Describe the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected and its impact on your organization. Use organizational data to quantify the impact (if necessary, seek assistance from leadership or appropriate stakeholders in your organization). Provide a brief summary of the two articles you reviewed from outside resources on the national healthcare issue/stressor. Explain how the healthcare issue/stressor is being addressed in other organizations. Summarize the strategies used to address the organizational impact of national healthcare issues/stressors presented in the scholarly resources you selected. Explain how they may impact your organization both positively and negatively. Be specific and provide examples. APA citation 3 to 4 references within 5 years Expert Answer and Explanation Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue When it comes to the delivery of care, healthcare organizations play a vital role, delivering clinical care, and providing pertinent information to patients as part of the patient empowerment initiative. For organizations, however, meeting the needs of patients can be a challenge considering that they grapple with a wide range of issues. If an organization wants to effectively provide care that is adequate and optimal, it must have adequate clinical staff because the staff members’ input is necessary for the organization to assess and screen patients, and administer meaningful clinical interventions (Baker, 2022). Unfortunately, organizations struggle with addressing patients’ needs due to the shortage of nurses. Description of the National Healthcare Issue its Impact on the Organization (use Data) As a national healthcare issue, nurse shortage is characterized by the limited supply of nursing professionals resulting to understaffing of the hospitals. In the United States (U.S.), the nurse to patient ratio is subject to regulatory policies with states like Massachutes requiring a single nurse for every patient admitted in intensive care unit. For these states, imposing the staffing requirements is crucial because it helps protect the welfare of the patient by ensuring that they receive adequate care. Unfortunately, the shortage of nurses is an issue that is prevalent in various organizations across the country, undermining patients’ access to care. Cases of employee absenteeism and turnover are widespread in poorly staffed organizations considering that employees in such organizations tend to have high workload. For the clinical staff, the emotional and physical exhaustion that comes with working longer hours, may compromise the quality of the services they provide, resulting to prolonged stay in hospitals. Summary of the Article reviewed on the Healthcare Issue The shortage of nursing professionals is a major public health concern because of its ramifications, and to better understand it in terms of causes and interventions that can help mitigate it, one should evaluate existing studies. One of these studies is a study that Tamata and Mohammadnezhad (2023) conducted, employing a systematic review to investigate the contributors to the limited supply of nursing professionals including their implications on nurses. They found that impediments such as the lack of nurse training coupled by low enrolment in nursing schools contributed to decline in population of nurses. According to Udod (2023), nurses leave their profession or the organization they work for because of reasons such as lack of infrastructure. The author highlights the interventions that can help retain nurses, emphasizing the importance of establishing infrastructure to spur innovation. In addition, he recommends investing in programs meant to improve employees’ leadership skills. How the Healthcare Issue is being addressed in other Organizations Organizations are tackling the nursing shortage issue by adopting various strategies including providing incentives to the nursing staff as a retention strategy. Part of these incentives includes educational opportunities to allow nurses to advance their education, and acquire new skills. Still, some organizations are boosting benefits for their nursing workforce in a bid to prevent them from seeking jobs elsewhere, or transitioning to other careers. An organization such as Vanguard leverages this strategy as part of its efforts to attract and retain nurses. The Strategies used to address the Organizational Impact of
Briefly describe humanistic-existential psychotherapy and the second approach you selected
Briefly describe humanistic-existential psychotherapy and the second approach you selected Assignment Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with Other Approaches Understanding the strengths of each type of therapy and which type of therapy is most appropriate for each patient is an essential skill of the psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner. In this Assignment, you will compare humanistic-existential therapy to another psychotherapeutic approach. You will identify the strengths and challenges of each approach and describe expected potential outcomes. To prepare: Review the humanistic-existential psychotherapy videos in this week’s Learning Resources. Reflect on humanistic-existential psychotherapeutic approaches. Then, select another psychotherapeutic approach to compare with humanistic-existential psychotherapy. The approach you choose may be one you previously explored in the course or one you are familiar with and especially interested in. The Assignment In a 2- to 3-page paper, address the following: Briefly describe humanistic-existential psychotherapy and the second approach you selected. Explain at least three differences between these therapies. Include how these differences might impact your practice as a PMHNP. Focusing on one video you viewed, explain why humanistic-existential psychotherapy was utilized with the patient in the video and why it was the treatment of choice. Describe the expected potential outcome if the second approach had been used with the patient. Support your response with specific examples from this week’s media and at least three peer-reviewed, evidence-based sources. Explain why each of your supporting sources is considered scholarly. Attach the PDFs of your sources. Expert Answer and Explanation Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy Healthcare is constantly facing different changes as it progresses from one form of care to the other. Mental health is one of the entities in nursing that require the use of multiple interventions in order to prevent multiple issues (Heidenreich et al., 2021). Therapists make use of the DSM-5 to identify the different diagnoses that can be used in relation to the issues affecting the patient. This article will compare humanistic-existential psychotherapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy. Treatment Approaches Also abbreviated as HEP, humanistic existential psychotherapy is among the most common types of psychotherapy used to intervene for patients dealing with mental illness. The use of humanistic-existential psychotherapy is aimed at enabling the patient to know their characteristics and the aspects that differentiate them from the rest of the world (Heidenreich et al., 2021). Therapists have the capacity to use the approach to offer motivation to the patient. Additionally, the approach can also be used in the identification of the different areas of concern that might be affecting the patient. The therapist is able to ensure that the client has discovered their unique traits and what makes them stand out from the crowd. The use of humanistic-existential psychotherapy is important as it makes the patient become aware of their traits and how they can improve the areas that are affected or causing harm (Heidenreich et al., 2021). The basic premise of human existential therapy is that it can be used to ensure the patients overcome their imposed fears or limitations. With great ability to be aware of personal convictions, the patient can be guided to acquire an in-depth understanding of their innate life goals. The second approach that can be used to provide psychotherapy to a patient is cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). This approach is also one of the most common modes of interventions used in providing medical attention to patients with mental disorders (David et al., 2021). The CBT approach focuses on the thought processes of a person as well as the physical behaviors. These methods are critical as they work together to reduce the severity of the patient’s symptoms. In this regard, CBT addresses how a person’s cognitive abilities or thought process can positively or negatively affect their external behaviors. In this regard, the method can be used to offer treatment or identify the various issues that might be affecting the patient. A patient being treated with CBT is able to identify their behavior, thought process, and how one leads to the other (David et al., 2021). The role of the therapist is to help the patient in the identification of their cognitions and behaviors and later link how one is related to the other. Correlation Between CBT and HEP While the two approaches are used to help patients deal with their mental issues, they have different similarities and differences. The main difference between the two treatment approaches is that HEP analyzes the uniqueness of a patient, while CBT measures the behaviors and thought processes (David et al., 2021). These two interventions help the patient deal with different issues that might affect their mental state. For instance, HEP can be used to offer medical aid to patients with self-esteem issues, while CBT can best be used to help patients dealing with substance abuse or addiction. The other difference that the two approaches have is that CBT what the patient can alter or change while HEP helps the patient to understand their personal beliefs and convictions. These differences are from the premise within which the therapists can help the patients meet the different requirements of care. Additionally, HEP is focused on the abilities of the patients, while CBT focuses on the actions or how the patient responds to different issues within society. The PMHNP can best benefit from this approach as they help deal with the different issues that might affect the quality of patient care (Yılmaz et al., 2019). A PMHNP can decide on the best approach to use and how to ensure the patient receives the best available care. Overview of the Video The video addresses a patient suffering from anger, constrictions, and having challenges with understanding their personal feelings. These symptoms depict the challenges that the patient has with regards to self-awareness and correlating with the environment around them (PsychotherapyNet, 2009). In this regard, the best available approach that the PMHNP can use on the patient is to apply the HEP treatment. The approach would be essential in ensuring that the patient is informed of their uniqueness and how it makes them stand out
Assignment Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement
Assignment Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Assignment Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement As a nurse, how often have you thought to yourself, If I had anything to do about it, things would work a little differently? Increasingly, nurses are beginning to realize that they do, in fact, have a role and a voice. Many nurses encounter daily experiences that motivate them to take on an advocacy role in hopes of impacting policies, laws, or regulations that impact healthcare issues of interest. Of course, doing so means entering the less familiar world of policy and politics. While many nurses do not initially feel prepared to operate in this space effectively, the reward is the opportunity to shape and influence future health policy. To Prepare: Select a bill that has been proposed (not one that has been enacted) using the congressional websites provided in the Learning Resources.( https://www.congress.gov/) The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Comparison Grid; 1- to 2-page Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement) Part 1: Legislation Comparison Grid Based on the health-related bill (proposed, not enacted) you selected, complete the Legislation Comparison Grid Template. Be sure to address the following: Determine the legislative intent of the bill you have reviewed. Identify the proponents/opponents of the bill. Identify the target populations addressed by the bill. Where in the process is the bill currently? Is it in hearings or committees? Is it receiving press coverage? Part 2: Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement Based on the health-related bill you selected, develop a 1- to 2-page Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement that addresses the following: Advocate a position for the bill you selected and write testimony in support of your position. Describe how you would address the opponent to your position. Be specific and provide examples. Recommend at least one amendment to the bill in support of your position. Expert Answer and Explanation Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement Part 1: Legislation Comparison Grid Health-related Bill Name H.R. 3 – The Lower Drug Costs Now Act Bill Number H.R. 3 Description The Bill develops various requirements and programs relating to offering prices to prescription drugs. Also, the bill wants to give power to the US government to negotiate drug prices with private companies for Medicare recipient. Federal or State? This bill is meant to affect the federal government, and thus it is a federal bill. Legislative Intent The prices of prescription drugs are so high. According to a report by the speaker of the house, Nancy Pelosi, big pharmaceutical companies in the US have raised the prices of the drugs 10 times higher than how the drugs are sold outside the US (Pelosi, n. d). Also, the report mentions that the firms make huge profits even though they sell the same drugs outside the US for lower prices. For instance, in the US, the cost of insulin drugs is ten times much higher than the cost of the same drugs in the UK, France, or Germany. The cost of the drugs has increased drastically since 1990s (Sterling, 2018). The current laws forbid Medicare from negotiating drug prices. The intention of H.R. 3, the Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act is to grant Medicare power to negotiate the drug prices in a move to reduce the cost of drugs in the country. Proponents/ Opponents Proponents: The proponents of the bill are house democrats. All the democrats in the house unanimously voted for the bill. In addition, Jaime Herrera Beutler and Brian Fitzpatrick also jointed the democrats in supporting the bill. According to Zhou (2019), out of 422 representatives, 230 passed the bills. Opponents: The bill was opposed by house republicans. However, two of the republicans supported the bill along with the democrats (Benen, 2019). Apart from the house republicans, the White House led by president Donald Trump and the Senate Republicans have also opposed the bill. Target Population The bill targets people with chronic diseases such as diabetes. When the bill will become law, the prices of prescription drugs will reduce because the government will now have the power to negotiate of behalf of Medicare recipients. Status of the bill (Is it in hearings or committees? Is it receiving press coverage?) The bill has been discussed in the house of the representatives and passed. Currently, the bill is an act that will be submitted in the house of senate for further discussions and reviews. The American media has given the bill fair coverage because it affects their health. After the bill was passed in the house of representatives, the speaker of the house gave a press conference about the bill and what she expects the senate to do about it. General Notes/Comments This bill will change the healthcare system by providing Medicare with power to develop tools that the institution can use to force drug companies to reduce the price of drugs. As a result, the bill will ensure that people with chronic conditions get regular access to their prescriptions. Part 2: Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement My Position for the Bill As a nurse I support the H.R. 3, the Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act bill due to the following reasons. First, the bill will make the work of nurses easy. Horvath and Anderson (2019) mention that a nurse has a responsibility of ensuring that his or her patient is given quality care. However, the current prices of prescription drugs prevent nurses from delivering on their mandates. The nurses find it hard to provide care because their patients do have access to prescription drugs due to the high prices. Second, the bill will allow the reinvestment in researches and innovations for new treatments and cure. The savings that will be collected after reducing the prices of drugs will be used in supporting evidence-based innovations and researches to improve healthcare service delivery. The bill is in the favor of Americans. It will prevent the drug companies from raising the price of prescription drugs in the country will reducing the price in countries outside the
Post your PICO(T) question, the search terms used, and the names of at least two databases used for your PICO(T) question
Post your PICOT question the search terms used, and the names of at least two databases Discussion: Searching Databases When you decide to purchase a new car, you first decide what is important to you. If mileage and dependability are the important factors, you will search for data focused more on these factors and less on color options and sound systems. The same holds true when searching for research evidence to guide your clinical inquiry and professional decisions. Developing a formula for an answerable, researchable question that addresses your need will make the search process much more effective. One such formula is the PICO(T) format. In this Discussion, you will transform a clinical inquiry into a searchable question in PICO(T) format, so you can search the electronic databases more effectively and efficiently. You will share this PICO(T) question and examine strategies you might use to increase the rigor and effectiveness of a database search on your PICO(T) question. To Prepare: Review the materials offering guidance on using databases, performing keyword searches, and developing PICO(T) questions provided in the Resources. Review the Resources for guidance and develop a PICO(T) question of interest to you for further study. By Day 3 of Week 4 Post your PICO(T) question, the search terms used, and the names of at least two databases used for your PICO(T) question. Then, describe your search results in terms of the number of articles returned on original research and how this changed as you added search terms using your Boolean operators. Finally, explain strategies you might make to increase the rigor and effectiveness of a database search on your PICO(T) question. Be specific and provide examples. Expert Answer and Explanation Searching Databases The PICOT Question Chronic diseases have become common among the ageing population, and hence developing a PICOT question for them can aid in improving the intervention (Pérez-Jover et al., 2018). The target patients for the intervention is chronic disease patients aged above 65 years. The interventions targeted are therapies and medications for these diseases they have. The comparison is having a different line of therapy or lack of treatment completely. The outcome is reduced presentation of symptoms by the patients. The time element is a period of 12 months in which the patient progress is expected to be monitored. The PICOT question therefore reads as follows, ‘What is the impact of implementing telehealth systems in the medication and therapy on the reduction of symptoms of chronic disease patients aged above 65 years for a period of 12 months?’ Databases Used for the PICOT Question There are several databases that could be used to search for information regarding health topics. Since this specific problem involves the use of therapy programs and medication, nursing databases are the most suitable for searching for this kind of information. The CINAHL database is the first candidate, as it is known to have numerous collection of nursing articles, which are summary of evidence since the 1940s (Hopia & Heikkilä, 2020). MEDLINE is also used in this search as it contains articles with a broad range of medical topics. Also, both databases are easily accessible. Search Results in Original Search and After Adding Boolean Operators In the original search, the search results had a broad range of sources that could be crucial in getting much of the background information about the topic in question. These broad sources, however, could not help in getting specific information that is required in decision making for the issue in question. After adding Boolean operators, the search was more refined, as it was easier to find specific information about the database (Usuzaki et al., 2020). Also, the fact that these Boolean operators could help in getting specific results helped to reduce the time taken to get the specific information from the databases (Usuzaki et al., 2020). Among the Boolean operators that were used were OR, NOT, and AND. Strategies to Increase the Rigor of a Database Search on my PICOT Question Among the strategies that can be used to improve the rigor of a database is searching more than one database. While it is likely that much of the information from searching one concept in two databases will be same, it is always likely that one database could have an additional influential finding. Another strategy is combining the search using Boolean operators, which helps to have a broader or narrower search depending on the intentions of the researcher. Also, for one to improve the rigor of a search in a database, it is crucial that they constantly revise their search strategy if they realize that one is not giving the desirable results (Coordinators, 2017). Most importantly, researchers should have information about some of the basic database rules that could have a large implication on their findings. For example, if a database requires that a researcher performs the search using a specific search strategy, it is likely that employing that search strategy could help to reveal more outcomes of the database. References Coordinators, N. R. (2017). Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information. Nucleic acids research, 45(Database issue), D12. Hopia, H., & Heikkilä, J. (2020). Nursing research priorities based on CINAHL database: A scoping review. Nursing Open, 7(2), 483-494. Pérez-Jover, V., Mira, J. J., Carratala-Munuera, C., Gil-Guillen, V. F., Basora, J., López-Pineda, A., & Orozco-Beltrán, D. (2018). Inappropriate use of medication by elderly, polymedicated, or multipathological patients with chronic diseases. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(2), 310. Usuzaki, T., Shimoyama, M., Chiba, S., Mori, N., & Mugikura, S. (2020). A Method Expanding 2 by 2 Contingency Table by Obtaining Tendencies of Boolean Operators: Boolean Monte Carlo Method. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.04721. Place your order now on the similar assignment and get fast, cheap and best quality work written from scratch by our expert level assignment writers. Limited Offer: Get 30% Off On Your First Order FAQs Which electronic database is appropriate to search for evidence-based research for clinical problems? An appropriate electronic database to search for evidence-based research for clinical problems is PubMed. It offers access
Provide a summary of your learning style according the VARK
Provide a summary of your learning style according the VARK questionnaire. Describe your preferred learning strategies Learning styles represent the different approaches to learning based on preferences, weaknesses, and strengths. For learners to best achieve the desired educational outcome, learning styles must be considered when creating a plan. Complete “The VARK Questionnaire,”( http://vark-learn.com/the-vark-questionnaire/ ) located on the VARK website, and then complete the following: Click “OK” to receive your questionnaire scores. Once you have determined your preferred learning style, review the corresponding link to view your learning preference. Review the other learning styles: visual, aural, read/write, kinesthetic, and multimodal (listed on the VARK Questionnaire Results page). Compare your current preferred learning strategies to the identified strategies for your preferred learning style. Examine how awareness of learning styles has influenced your perceptions of teaching and learning. In a paper (750‐1,000 words), summarize your analysis of this exercise and discuss the overall value of learning styles. Include the following: Provide a summary of your learning style according the VARK questionnaire. Describe your preferred learning strategies. Compare your current preferred learning strategies to the identified strategies for your preferred learning style. Describe how individual learning styles affect the degree to which a learner can understand or perform educational activities. Discuss the importance of an educator identifying individual learning styles and preferences when working with learners. Discuss why understanding the learning styles of individuals participating in health promotion is important to achieving the desired outcome. How do learning styles ultimately affect the possibility for a behavioral change? How would different learning styles be accommodated in health promotion? Cite to at least three peer‐reviewed or scholarly sources to complete this assignment. Sources should be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Expert Answer and Explanation My Learning Style The ability of people to acquire knowledge differs across different personalities and environments. The learning styles and techniques of someone may be a combination of different styles that could be applied over a wide range of circumstances (Truong, 2016). Regardless of one’s physical presentation, it is necessary to learn that they can develop specific styles of learning in response to present needs. In most schools, the curriculum employed allows learners to use their styles of choice including book-based learning, tutorials, class discussions, as well as exams. Recognizing one’s own learning styles improves the speed and the quality of learning they experience in different environments. Summary of My Learning Style According to the VARK Questionnaire According to the VARK questionnaire, my learning preference is Multimodal, whereby I prefer learning concepts using multiple methods or channels of communication. Among these different ways, my largest preference is Kinesthetic, as I had the highest scores in the category. Kinesthetic learning implies that I prefer using my hands, body, and sense of touch when learning. From the results, it is clear that people with my preference like to use different formats of information such as maps, graphs, and diagrams (Truong, 2016). They also like using discussions, listening, questioning, and taking notes, practical exercises, as well as experiences. Most importantly, they like using things that are real such as case studies in understanding various concepts that boost their learning experience. Fig 1. A screenshot of my scores from the VARK website. My preferred mode of learning is multimodal, with kinesthetic being the highest choice (The VARK Questionnaire, 2019). My Preferred Learning Strategies Among the strategies I prefer in learning include class discussions as well as class lectures that have illustrative diagrams. This relates to my learning style as it is a connection of different styles to achieve one mixture of methods. The main reason why I prefer class discussions is because they allow one to express themselves to class colleagues (and other people horizontally- with common level of education) about their learning experience. Illustrative diagrams also allow one to grasp the concept without much difficulty. How Learning Styles Can Affect the Degree of Performance in Educational Activities Learning styles affect the degree of performance in educational activities in that the better the learning style, the greater the performance. People who have not learnt how to integrate their learning styles with the educational activities find it hard improving the performance in the learning forums that they are involved in (Willingham, Hughes, & Dobolyi, 2015). When working with learners, educators should investigate their individual learning styles as they would understand the most applicable techniques when imparting them with knowledge, and this can greatly improve the learning outcomes. Why Understanding the Learning Styles of Individuals Involved in Health Promotion is Important Health promotion is a marketing strategy in which marketers or members of healthcare units attempt to increase the likelihood of health products becoming more popular among members of the public (Bokhari & Zafar, 2019). Just like teachers and lecturers, individuals participating in such campaign have the goal of increasing the knowledge of various products in a positive way to the members of the public. They can achieve the results through implementing practices and lessons that directly or indirectly result to behavior change and subsequent demand of the health products. Learning styles of the recipients of health promotional material can affect behavior change in that the more the promoter is aware of the recipient’s learning style, the higher the likelihood of changing their behavior (Bokhari & Zafar, 2019). People with a greater coincidence of learning styles knowledge have a higher likelihood of achieving positive results. Behavior change is also accomplished more easily when health promoters have the potential to quickly recognize the effect of their techniques on behavior change. Different learning styles can be accommodated in
Provide two different examples of how research uses hypothesis testing, and describe the criteria for rejecting the null hypothesis
Provide two different examples of how research uses hypothesis testing, and describe the criteria for rejecting the null hypothesis. Topic 3 DQ 1 Provide two different examples of how research uses hypothesis testing, and describe the criteria for rejecting the null hypothesis. Discuss why this is important in your practice and with patient interactions. Topic 3 DQ 2 Evaluate and provide examples of how hypothesis testing and confidence intervals are used together in health care research. Provide a workplace example that illustrates your ideas. Expert Answer and Explanation Topic 3 DQ 1: Hypothesis Testing The aspect of hypothesis testing refers to the process of creating inferences or otherwise referred to as educated guesses concerning a specific research parameter. Hypothesis testing can be conducted either through the use of uncontrolled observational study or statistics and sample data (Mellenbergh, 2019). Prior to testing a hypothesis, it is essential to come up with the degree of statistical significance in the hypothesis since a researcher cannot be 100 percent on the educated guess. An example of the use of hypothesis testing is in determining the prevalence of common cold in children who take vitamin C. The null hypothesis would state that the prevalence of flu in children who take vitamin C is similar to those who don’t take vitamin C. the alternative hypothesis would be that children with the uptake of vitamin C have a reduced prevalence of flu in flu seasons. Another example would be research to identify if therapy is more effective than a placebo. In order to reject the null hypothesis, a redetermined number of subjects among the hypothesis test have to prove the alternative hypothesis. The proof will then overturn the original null hypothesis, which will then be rejected. Hypothesis testing is an important aspect of statistics and research as it provides a basis for understanding whether something actually occurred or if certain groups or sets of data are different from each other (Dubois, 2017). Hypothesis testing also helps in identifying if an aspect of the research has more positive effects or if a variable can predict another to form a basis for defining a conclusion. With the help of the calculated probability (p-value), one can easily determine the inclination of the research based on either the null hypothesis of the alternative hypothesis. References Dubois, S. (2017). The Importance of Hypothesis Testing. (2020). Retrieved 18 May 2020, from https://sciencing.com/the-importance-of-hypothesis-testing-12750921.html Mellenbergh, G. J. (2019). Null Hypothesis Testing. In Counteracting Methodological Errors in Behavioral Research (pp. 179-218). Springer, Cham. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-12272-0 Topic 3 DQ 2: Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals Hypothesis tests and confidence intervals are related in the sense that they both are inferential methods that are based on an approximated sampling distribution. The hypothesis tests make use of data from a given sample to test the predetermined hypothesis (Sacha & Panagiotakos, 2016). On the other hand, confidence intervals make use of data from the sample to provide an estimate of the population parameter. In this manner, it is evident that the simulation methods that are used in the construction of the bootstrap distribution, as well as the randomization distributions, are identical. Confidence intervals are made up of a range of reasonable estimations concerning population parameters. For instance, a two-tailed confidence interval is applied in a two-tailed hypothesis testing. In health care research, a confidence level of 95 percent is mostly used. The level indicates the significance of health research with regards to being precise and accurate with health care data (Hazra, 2017). For instance, while conducting research on the effect of therapy or medication on patients with mental health conditions. The calculation of the p-value will allow the researcher to achieve the results of the null hypothesis. With a low p-value, a researcher is able to comprehend that there is stronger support for the alternative hypothesis. In the workplace setting, research can be conducted on the impacts of evidence-based practice on patient outcomes. Hypothesis testing will facilitate the identification of educated guesses, while the confidence interval will provide a basis for the statistical confidence level that will be used in the research (Sacha & Panagiotakos, 2016). The research will then be used to provide a recommendation for the viability of the EBP. References Hazra A. (2017). Using the confidence interval confidently. Journal of thoracic disease, 9(10), 4125–4130. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2017.09.14 Sacha, V., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2016). Insights in Hypothesis Testing and Making Decisions in Biomedical Research. The open cardiovascular medicine journal, 10, 196–200. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874192401610010196 Alternative Expert Answer and Explanation Topic 3 DQ 1 How Research Uses Hypothesis Testing And Criteria For Rejecting the Null Hypothesis Hypothesis testing is a statistical method commonly used in research to give interpretations about populations based on the sampled data. It is crucial to researchers as it determines whether there is sufficient evidence to either reject or support a hypothesis (Stunt et al., 2021). In hypothesis testing, two hypotheses are the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis (Bahrampour et al., 2022). The criteria for rejecting the null hypothesis have been explained in the examples of how research can use hypothesis testing. A good example of hypothesis testing is when a pharmaceutical company is testing a new drug with the argument that it is more effective in treating a given medical condition as compared to an existing drug. The hypotheses for the study can be: Null hypothesis: The new drug is as effective as the existing drug. Alternative Hypothesis: The new drug is more effective as compared to the existing drug. Another example of hypothesis testing is psychological research where hypothesis testing can be integral in determining the effects of a particular intervention. A hypothesis can state: Null hypothesis: This therapy does not show a difference in anxiety levels before and after therapy. Alternative hypothesis: The therapy contributed to a reduction in anxiety levels after therapy. To reject the null hypothesis the pharmaceutical company can set a significant level of 0.05 which is mostly used. After conducting the study and after data analysis, if the probability value associated with the test is less or equal to 0.05 then the null
What is your definition of spiritual care? How does it differ or accord with the description given in the topic readings?
What is your definition of spiritual care? How does it differ or accord with the description given in the topic readings? Explain. Expert Answer and Explanation Definition of Spiritual Care As a nurse, it is essential to provide holistic care to patients by providing physical, emotional, and spiritual needs. While physical and emotional needs appear to be direct, spiritual needs are complicated. In my opinion, spiritual care involves acknowledging that the patient believes in a higher power and supporting them in whatever way necessary to connect with it. In many cases, patients might not understand the reason for their suffering and therefore turn to spiritual assurance. A patient can deal with illness, pain, grief, and even loss through spirituality with a more positive attitude (Koper et al. 2019). While the nurse’s role should be to care for the patient physically and ensure that they are in the right state of mind, they should help the patient understand their spirituality. Nurses should seek the patients” understanding of spirituality and explain how they can incorporate it into their healing, hence making them understand their situation even better. The topic readings define spiritual care as the support that nurses offer patients coping with illnesses or pain to make the patient heal physically or emotionally (Hvidt et al. 2020). Through the definition, it is clear that spiritual care is important but it is mostly overlooked. The lack of standard measurement to determine the care also hinders spiritual development (Rachel et al. 2019). The definition explains that nurses can offer support by giving the patients time to pray or quiet when families are interreacting spiritually. While my definition and the topic reading definitions are similar, I believe that my definition does not differ from the topic readings definition. However, each definition allows for a deeper connection between patients and the nurses, increasing the patient’s trust and improving patients’ outcomes. Therefore, when implemented well, either definition will play an essential role in providing holistic care to the patients. References Hvidt, N. C., Nielsen, K. T., Kørup, A. K., Prinds, C., Hansen, D. G., Viftrup, D. T., … & Wæhrens, E. E. (2020). What is spiritual care? Professional perspectives on the concept of spiritual care identified through group concept mapping. BMJ open, 10(12), e042142. Koper, I., Pasman, H. R. W., Schweitzer, B. P., Kuin, A., & Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D. (2019). Spiritual care at the end of life in the primary care setting: experiences from spiritual caregivers-a mixed methods study. BMC palliative care, 18(1), 1-10. Rachel, H., Chiara, C., Robert, K., & Francesco, S. (2019). Spiritual care in nursing: an overview of the measures used to assess spiritual care provision and related factors amongst nurses. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 90(Suppl 4), 44. Alternative Expert Answer Definition and Analysis of Spiritual Care Patients from diverse background see providers expecting to benefit from the care which the latter provides. Some of these patients tend to have spiritual needs, and a provider has a mandate of meeting these needs. The concept, spiritual care, denotes the idea of full filling these kinds of needs. The beneficiaries of this kind of care is not limited to patients considering that patients’ families can equally benefit from it. This means that spiritual care involves attending to a sick person’s spiritual needs with focus on helping the person deal effectively with their experiences. People receive this kind of care so that they can emotionally recover, and the care can limit the severity of a physiological condition, and encourage the healing of the patient given that it helps reduce stress (Fitch & Bartlett, 2019). When a spiritual person receives this kind of care, they gain the hope of recovering, and this ultimately hasten their recovery. The perspective of the spiritual care resonates with the description of the same concept based on the topic readings. Just like in the readings, my own definition of the concept links care to various benefits. A key theme which seems to manifest when comparing my description of the spiritual care and that in the readings, for instance, is helping one to cope with an illness. As they go through their physiological experience, and as they receive spiritual care, a patient becomes hopeful that they would heal. Another shared feature when relating the readings’ view on the concept, and that based on my personal view, is the emotional wellbeing that results when one receives spiritual care. People essentially become emotionally well when they receive spiritual care (Melhem et al., 2016). References Fitch, M. I., & Bartlett, R. (2019). Patient Perspectives about Spirituality and Spiritual Care. Asia-Pacific journal of oncology nursing, 6(2), 111–121.Doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/apjon.apjon_62_18. Melhem, G. A., Zeilani, R. S., Zaqqout, O. A., Aljwad, A. I., Shawagfeh, M. Q., & Al-Rahim, M. A. (2016). Nurses’ Perceptions of Spirituality and Spiritual Care Giving: A Comparison Study Among All Health Care Sectors in Jordan. Indian journal of palliative care, 22(1), 42–49.Doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.173949. DQ 2 When it comes to facilitating spiritual care for patients with worldviews different from your own, what are your strengths and weaknesses? If you were the patient, who would have the final say in terms of ethical decision-making and intervention in the event of a difficult situation? Expert Answer and Explanation Spiritual Care for Patients with Different Worldviews As a nurse, one meets different patients, some with varying perspectives on spirituality. However, it is essential to ensure that one does not experience any biases in taking care of the patients as it is their role to provide equal care (Alshehry, 2018). However, it is almost impossible to provide biased spiritual care when a patient has varying views. For instance, a nurse can be deeply religious while the patient is an atheist (Saad & de Medeiros, 2021). In my case, I have several strengths that guide me when dealing with patients with different worldviews. One of my strengths is that I am accommodating and non-judgments. Instead of judging a patient because of their religious stand, I seek to understand more from them. As a result, they open up more on their spirituality
Write a brief analysis no longer than 2 pages of the connection between EBP and the Quadruple Aim
Write a brief analysis no longer than 2 pages of the connection between EBP and the Quadruple Aim Assignment: Evidence-Based Practice and the Quadruple Aim Healthcare organizations continually seek to optimize healthcare performance. For years, this approach was a three-pronged one known as the Triple Aim, with efforts focused on improved population health, enhanced patient experience, and lower healthcare costs. More recently, this approach has evolved to a Quadruple Aim by including a focus on improving the work life of healthcare providers. Each of these measures are impacted by decisions made at the organizational level, and organizations have increasingly turned to EBP to inform and justify these decisions. To Prepare: Read the articles by Sikka, Morath, & Leape (2015); Crabtree, Brennan, Davis, & Coyle (2016); and Kim et al. (2016) provided in the Resources. Reflect on how EBP might impact (or not impact) the Quadruple Aim in healthcare. Consider the impact that EBP may have on factors impacting these quadruple aim elements, such as preventable medical errors or healthcare delivery. To Complete: Write a brief analysis (no longer than 2 pages) of the connection between EBP and the Quadruple Aim. Your analysis should address how EBP might (or might not) help reach the Quadruple Aim, including each of the four measures of: Patient experience Population health Costs Work life of healthcare providers Articles for this paper include: Sikka, R., Morath, J. M., & Leape, L. (2015). The Quadruple Aim: Care, health, cost and meaning in work. BMJ Quality & Safety, 24, 608–610. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004160. Retrieved from https://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/qhc/24/10/608.full.pdf Crabtree, E., Brennan, E., Davis, A., & Coyle, A. (2016). Improving patient care through nursing engagement in evidence-based practice. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 13(2), 172–175. doi:10.1111/wvn.12126 Assignment Rubric: Write a brief analysis of the connection between evidence-based practice and the Quadruple Aim. Your analysis should address how evidence-based practice might (or might not) help reach the Quadruple Aim, including each of the four measures of:· Patient experience · Population health · Costs · Work life of healthcare providers— Excellent 77 (77%) – 85 (85%) Good 68 (68%) – 76 (76%) Fair 60 (60%) – 67 (67%) Poor 0 (0%) – 59 (59%) Written Expression and Formatting—Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction is provided which delineates all required criteria.— Excellent 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Good 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Fair 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Poor 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Written Expression and Formatting—English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation.— Excellent 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Good 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Fair 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Poor 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Written Expression and Formatting—The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running head, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.— Excellent 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Good 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Fair 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Poor 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Expert Answer and Explanation The use of EBP in nursing practice has been a concept that has been embraced by many healthcare organizations. EBP involves the use of scientifically proven methods or information in the delivery of care to patients. However, its adoption from an organizational perspective requires a holistic approach involving both personal and organizational change of culture to succeed (Melnyk et al., 2014). With proper utilization of EBP, a positive outcome can be realized in enhancing the Quadruple Aim model of improving the overall performance in health care delivery. Patient Experience One of the key components that Quadruple Aim model uses to improve healthcare performance is the patient experience. The initial approach of healthcare delivery was mainly focused on improving the health outcomes of patients from a diseased state to a neutral or positive state. This was done without necessarily focusing on whether the patients were satisfied with the services or not. Currently, with the privatization of many health institutions and the resultant market-led competition in the industry, a lot of emphasis has been placed on ensuring patients are satisfied with the healthcare services they receive. EBP allows the access to current information and methodology on how to handle patients with diverse characteristics and lays focus on core issues such as cultural competence in healthcare, which aims at enhancing patient satisfaction (Crabtree et al., 2016). Population Health The scope of healthcare delivery is not limited to only improving the health status of established patients, but to also ensure that the entire surrounding community embraces good health practices for better health outcomes. EBP, by providing current and relevant information on good health practices, and sensitizing the population on current healthcare issues, then, a positive change in the health continuum of the population is expected. EBP also helps to inform the strategies to be used in health promotion activities such as advocacy, community health education, etc., with the aim of improving the health outcome of a given population group. Healthcare costs The issue of high medical costs has been a major impediment in the provision of health care services. Many patients have succumbed to their illnesses due to this issue. That is why institutions, both governmental and non-governmental, involved in the provision of healthcare services, are trying to find ways of reducing the heavy cost burden on patients. EBP can play an instrumental role in the reduction of healthcare costs through proposal of alternative methods of delivering healthcare services. EBP offers proactive approaches to improving the health status of patients, thus reducing the overall costs spent on healthcare in the long run. EBP also emphasizes on modern healthcare trends like the use of current technology in the delivery of health services. This, in the long run, reduces the medical errors and translates to a reduction in costs spent on healthcare by both the patients and the hospital (reduction of litigation costs due to preventable medical errors). Better Working Environment for Healthcare Providers The wellbeing and satisfaction of patients to a great
For this assignment conduct a cultural self-assessment using the Staircase Self-Assessment Model and write a 1250–1500-word reflection essay
For this assignment conduct a cultural self-assessment using the Staircase Self-Assessment Assignment Description: Part 1: For this assignment conduct a cultural self-assessment using the Staircase Self-Assessment Model and write a 1250–1500-word reflection essay. To understand culture and cultural diversity, you must understand your own culture and beliefs. Utilizing the Staircase Self-Assessment Model as a means of determining your level of cultural competency, write a 1250 to 1500-word essay outlining the six stages: cultural destructiveness, cultural incapacity, cultural blindness, pre-competency, basic cultural competency, and advance cultural competency. Determine your level on the staircase by answering the following questions. Please be mindful that your responses will not be judged; only your knowledge of the Staircase Self-Assessment Model will be evaluated: Step 1: • How much do I value becoming culturally competent? • What actions have I taken recently or in the past when caring for culturally diverse patients that demonstrate my motivation? Step 2: • How much do I know about my cultural heritage or racial identity and its relationship to my own healthcare beliefs and practices? • Have I discussed these issues with my parents, grandparents, or other relatives? Step 3: • How much do I know about cultural groups that differ from my own? Step 4: • How culturally diverse is my social network? • How many encounters with cultural group members outside my social network do I have? Are these relationships superficial, or do I have social contact beyond the workplace? Step 5: • Am I able to independently identify the potential or actual problems that originate from cultural conflicts, or am I surprised by them? • Do I serve as a culturally competent role model/mentor for others? Step 6: • Have I developed problem-solving strategies to manage cultural conflicts? • Am I able to manage or resolve cultural problems or issues that arise, and what resources do I use? Once you have completed the self-assessment, address the following questions: 1. Why are self-knowledge and understanding a critical step in achieving cultural competence? 2. How has the “cultural self-assessment” exercise influenced your awareness of personal and professional values, attitudes, and practices, including prejudices and biases? 3. How will your interactions with patients and families change as a result of this self-reflection? Remember, you answer these questions from your perspective, so there is no right or wrong response. You must address each question. Although the information on your self-assessment paper is strictly confidential, if you do not wish to self-disclose a specific area from the Staircase, indicate that by explaining in detail why you do not want to disclose. You are not required to provide citations/references in this paper. Attention should be paid to grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Part 2: Go to Think Cultural Health located on the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Office of Minority Health website (you may access it from the following URL (https://thinkculturalhealth.hhs.gov/). Click on the Education tab. Select nurses and create your account (there are approximately seven questions to answer). Register for the Think Cultural Health program for nurses: Nurses – Culturally Competent Nursing Care: A Cornerstone of Caring. For Module 1, you will only register and review the objectives of Course I. Throughout the next 7 Modules; you will complete the program. There are three (3) courses. The estimated time to complete the entire program is nine (9) hours. When you register, please Do Not select the CNE Nursing option. You must select the option, Statement of Participation. You will submit the Statement of Participation in Module 7. Expert Answer and Explanation Staircase Self-Assessment Model Cultural diversity is a key factor for any medical professional and can be used to ensure efficient working relations. It is important that different interventions and models are applied to help improve the efficiency and outcome of care. The Staircase Self-Assessment Model can be used to help understand the aspect of cultural competency and how it can be applied within the healthcare sector. This paper will focus on the analysis of the Staircase Self-Assessment Model to explore the issue of cultural competency. Stages of the Staircase Self-Assessment Model Cultural Destructiveness Cultural destructiveness occurs when a person denies patient healthcare services as of the difference in the culturally and linguistically diverse background. The aspect denotes that there can be challenges with the delivery of care when the nurse and patient come from different or diverse cultures, in this regard, the cultural difference would have facilitated the destruction of services that would have been rendered under other conditions. Cultural Incapacity The concept of cultural incapacity originates from the lack of capacity to meet the needs of patients from all ethnic, linguistic, and ethnic backgrounds. Incapacity is different from destructiveness since it focuses on the inability of the facility to meet different needs. The incapacity can be derived from the lack of resources or amenities to ensure that the facility meets all its services to different cultural different patients. Cultural Blindness The component of cultural blindness is the deliberate oversight of the aspect of culture and how it can be used to meet the different outcomes of care. When a care provider provides the same standard form of care to all patients regardless of their cultural background can be referred to as cultural blindness. The aspect denotes that the treatment is only based on the medical need of the patient and not the alignment with cultural norms. Blindness treats each person equally and care is not based on cultural and ethnic needs, but rather based on standard protocols that apply to all. Cultural Pre-Competency The pre-competence aspect focuses on the strategies within which agencies or individual care providers attempt to improve their cultural awareness. The process is essential as it creates a means by which a person can further improve their understanding of culture and its impact on others. Cultural awareness within the pre-competence level can be viewed as the early stages toward proficiency. Basic Cultural Competency The stage of cultural competency is the continued attempts for a person to make